Research into complexity, accuracy and fluency (CAF) as basic dimensions of second language performance, proficiency and development has received increased attention in SLA. However, the larger picture in this field of research is often obscured by the breadth of scope, multiple objectives and lack of clarity as to how complexity, accuracy and fluency should be defined, operationalized and measured. The present volume showcases current research on CAF by bringing together eleven contributions from renowned international researchers in the field. These contributions not only add to the body of empirical knowledge about L2 use and L2 development by bringing new research findings to light but they also address fundamental theoretical and methodological issues by responding to questions about the nature, manifestation, development and assessment of CAF as multifaceted constructs. Collectively, the chapters in this book illustrate the converging and sometimes diverging approaches that different disciplines bring to CAF research.
2026. The Impact of Chatbot-Supported Self-Regulation Learning Strategies on Second Language Writing. Dil Eğitimi ve Araştırmaları Dergisi 12:1 ► pp. 26 ff.
Kapantzoglou, Maria, Jenny Magallon & Alejandra Auza B.
2026. Language Proficiency and Narrative Macrostructure in Spanish–English Bilingual Children. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology► pp. 1 ff.
Liu, Jinlu, Ming Wu & Haitao Liu
2026. Beyond clause counting: a processing perspective on syntactic complexity in English. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory
Min, Jeeyoung
2026. Writing fluency instructional practices for college-level multilinguals in a U.S. intensive writing course: From an activity theory perspective. Language Teaching Research 30:2 ► pp. 577 ff.
Zhong, Yong & Xiaomin Yang
2026. The MeCab-Based Development of Lexical Complexity Analyzer for Japanese Texts in Multiple Registers and Its Application. In Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing [Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2775], ► pp. 1 ff.
Abdi Tabari, Mahmoud & Minyoung Cho
2025. Task sequencing and L2 writing development: Exploring the SSARC model of pedagogic task sequencing. Language Teaching Research 29:3 ► pp. 1235 ff.
Abdi Tabari, Mahmoud & Zhiyun Huang
2025. Investigating the impacts of task types on the CALF of L2 written production: the moderating role of L2 writing selves. Reading and Writing
Abdi Tabari, Mahmoud, Ali Kushki & Yizhou Wang
2025. Comparing the effects of teacher- and AI-mediated corrective feedback on accuracy, complexity, and quality in L2 written narratives. Computer Assisted Language Learning► pp. 1 ff.
Chen, Hua & Ying Wang
2025. The effects of personal experience narrative writing on EFL learners’ narrative competence development. Language Teaching Research
2025. Enhancing Automated Essay Scoring with Grammatical Features using Multi-task Learning and Item Response Theory. Journal of Natural Language Processing 32:2 ► pp. 438 ff.
2025. Selecting Instruments for Investigating L2 Swedish Writing Data of L1 Dutch Learners Across Proficiencies. Nordand 20:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Gagné, Nancy, Leif M. French & Kirsten M. Hummel
2025. Investigating the contribution of L1 fluency, L2 initial fluency, working memory and phonological memory to L2 fluency development. Language Teaching Research 29:2 ► pp. 633 ff.
Hsu, Hsiu-Chen
2025. The effect of collaborative prewriting on L2 collaborative writing production and individual L2 writing development. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 63:1 ► pp. 499 ff.
Johnson, Mark D. & Mahmoud Abdi Tabari
2025. Linguistic complexity in second language writing: Insight from studies on task planning. Language Teaching 58:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Khany, Reza & Ayad Kamalvand
2025. A closer look at the impact of social semiotics and smartphone photography on Iranian English learners’ oral proficiency. Computer Assisted Language Learning► pp. 1 ff.
Kostromitina, Maria, Ekaterina Sudina & Eman Baghlaf
2025. Study and instrument quality in perception-based L2 pronunciation research. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 47:2 ► pp. 721 ff.
Liu, Junge & Yinjie Tang
2025. The effect of task repetition on L2 learners’ writing performance: A meta-analysis. Language Teaching Research
Mizumoto, Atsushi
2025. Automated analysis of common errors in L2 learner production: Prototype web application development. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 47:3 ► pp. 867 ff.
Mostafaei Alaei, Mahnaz & Abbas Mansouri
2025. Unraveling the differential effects of task rehearsal and task repetition on L2 task performance: the mediating role of task modality. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 63:2 ► pp. 995 ff.
Mutta, Maarit, Pauliina Peltonen, Päivi Laine & Pekka Lintunen
2025. Fluency across modes: an exploratory study of L1 and L2 spoken and written fluency. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching
Peltonen, Pauliina, Sandra Götz & Pekka Lintunen
2025. The impact of L1 speaking style, task mode, and L2 proficiency on L2 fluency: A within-subject study of monologic and dialogic speech. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 47:5 ► pp. 1328 ff.
Qin, Jie & Dilin Liu
2025. Introducing/Testing New SFL-Inspired Communication/Content/Function-Focused Measures for Assessing L2 Narrative Task Performance. Applied Linguistics 46:2 ► pp. 286 ff.
Rohloff, Tio, Marina Frank & Jörg Peters
2025. On the relationship between language dominance and fluency in bilingual speakers of Low and High German. International Journal of Bilingualism
2025. Feedforwarding diagnostic language assessment: Artificial intelligence- (AI-) driven weakness identification and contextualised feedback for second language speaking. Language Testing 42:4 ► pp. 476 ff.
Vedder, Ineke
2025. THE INFLUENCE OF RATING EXPERTISE AND LANGUAGE BACKGROUND ON JUDGMENTS OF SYNTACTIC COMPLEXITY IN L2 WRITING IN ITALIAN. Italiano LinguaDue 16:2 ► pp. 36 ff.
Vásquez Fernández, Claudia
2025. Discourse Competence in L2 Task Performance. In Researching Discourse Competence in Monologic L2 Performance, ► pp. 27 ff.
Wang, Yu, Kailu Wang & Li Tao
2025. The developmental dynamics of complexity, accuracy, and fluency in advanced Chinese EFL learners’ oral production. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 12:1
2025. Exploring the Relationship of Reading Fluency and Accuracy in L2 Learning: Insights from a Reading Assistant Software. Education Sciences 15:4 ► pp. 488 ff.
2025. Second language fluency across contexts: introduction to the special issue. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching
Yang, Yi-Chun Christine
2025. Noticing, models, written recasts, the sociocognitive-transformative approach, and EFL writing: Complexity, accuracy, and fluency. Language Teaching Research
Yang, Yi-Chun Christine
2025. EFL Learner’s Noticing of Corrective Feedback: Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency. English Teaching & Learning 49:2 ► pp. 173 ff.
Zhang, Chao & Ruoxi Li
2025. A Study on Linguistic Features of Chinese ESL and EFL Learners’ Writing: A Learning Context Perspective. SAGE Open 15:3
Abdi Tabari, Mahmoud, Gholam Hassan Khajavy & Julia Goetze
2024. Mapping the interactions between task sequencing, anxiety, and enjoyment in L2 writing development. Journal of Second Language Writing 65 ► pp. 101116 ff.
Albarqi, Ghadah
2024. Investigating EFL oral production in a technology mediated TBLT context. Journal of China Computer-Assisted Language Learning 4:2 ► pp. 271 ff.
2024. The construction of stance in English and Arabic newspaper editorials: a case study. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 11:1
Alzahrani, Alaa & Lawrence Jun Zhang
2024. Utility of Kolmogorov complexity measures: Analysis of L2 groups and L1 backgrounds. PLOS ONE 19:4 ► pp. e0301806 ff.
Bllaca, Nuhi & Christiane Dalton-Puffer
2024. The effect of collaboration on the adolescent EFL learners’ writing performance. The Language Learning Journal► pp. 1 ff.
Bryfonski, Lara, Yunjung (Yunie) Ku & Alison Mackey
2024. Research methods for IDs and TBLT: A substantive and methodological review. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 46:3 ► pp. 617 ff.
Bąk-Średnicka, Anna
2024. Reflections on educating prospective ELT teachers: Silence and health in Polish and Japanese school settings. Neofilolog :63/2 ► pp. 243 ff.
Campbell, Madeleine & Claudia Rosenhan
2024. Assessment and creativity through a translingual lens: transdisciplinary insights. Applied Linguistics Review 15:5 ► pp. 1839 ff.
Castellano-Risco, Irene
2024. Introduction. In Lexical Demands in CLIL Primary-School Textbooks, ► pp. 1 ff.
Chen, Junming & Martin Howard
2024. Classroom Instruction During Study Abroad: A Comparative Exploration of Chinese Second Language Acquisition. Language Learning 74:S2 ► pp. 148 ff.
Estaji, Masoomeh & Arya Ghoddousi
2024. Illuminating the Impacts of Contextual Diversity on L2 Writing Proficiency: A Corpus-Based Analysis in the Measures of Linguistic Complexity. European Journal of Applied Linguistics 12:2 ► pp. 437 ff.
Fu, Xinyan & Jackie E. Relyea
2024. Exploring the Role of Mind Mapping Tools in Scaffolding Narrative Writing in English for Middle-School EFL Students. Education Sciences 14:10 ► pp. 1119 ff.
García-Amaya, Lorenzo
2024. Investigating the relation between L2 pauses, syntactic complexity, and pause location: Longitudinal data from L2-Spanish study-abroad learners. Second Language Research 40:2 ► pp. 399 ff.
Hasnain, Shazia & Santoshi Halder
2024. Intricacies of the Multifaceted Triad-Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency: A Review of Studies on Measures of Oral Production. Journal of Education 204:1 ► pp. 145 ff.
Hwang, Haerim
2024. The Role of First Language in Automated Essay Grading for Second Language Writing. In Artificial Intelligence in Education [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 14830], ► pp. 302 ff.
Kırmızı, Özkan
2024. The Applicability of Collaborative Writing in the Post-Graduate Context. In Policy Development, Curriculum Design, and Administration of Language Education [Advances in Educational Technologies and Instructional Design, ], ► pp. 53 ff.
Laso Martín, Natalia Judith & María Belén Díez-Bedmar
2024. Exploring noun lexical diversity and noun phrase complexity in Spanish email writing at B1 and C1 levels. Research in Corpus Linguistics 13:2 ► pp. 1 ff.
Lehtilä, Elina, Pauliina Peltonen & Pekka Lintunen
2024. How Does Access to L1 Speech Affect L2 and L3 Perceived Fluency?. Nordand 19:2 ► pp. 73 ff.
Liao, Ray J. T., Renka Ohta & Kwangmin Lee
2024. The relationship between written discourse features and integrated listening-to-write scores for adolescent English language learners. Language Testing 41:1 ► pp. 35 ff.
Martynova, Maria, Yulia Zuban, Natalia Gagarina & Luka Szucsich
2024. Use of Embedded Clauses in Heritage and Monolingual Russian. Languages 9:5 ► pp. 157 ff.
Mora, Joan C., Ingrid Mora‐Plaza & Gonzalo Bermejo Miranda
2024. Speaking anxiety and task complexity effects on second language speech. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 34:1 ► pp. 292 ff.
Morris, Richard J., Sana Tibi, Hany M. Alsalmi & Bailey Latham
2024. Comparing Measuring Methods for Speech Timing During Rapid Automatic Naming Tasks Using Arabic and English Bilingual Adults. Languages 9:12 ► pp. 368 ff.
Nygård, Mari & Anne Kathrine Hundal
2024. Features of Grammatical Writing Competence among Early Writers in a Norwegian School Context. Languages 9:1 ► pp. 29 ff.
Panagopoulos, Panagiotis, Maria Andria, George Mikros & Spyridoula Varlokosta
2024. Writing in L2 Greek: Exploring the effect of L2 proficiency and learning context on complexity, accuracy, and fluency. Journal of Second Language Writing 64 ► pp. 101111 ff.
2024. Syntaktische Strukturen in der fortgeschrittenen gesprochenen und geschriebenen L2 Deutsch. In Spracherwerb in DaZ und DaF – Forschung, Didaktik, Praxis [Sprachen lehren – Sprachen lernen, 16], ► pp. 181 ff.
You, Ying, Bin Zou & Chenghao Wang
2024. Exploring the Students' Perception of Online Speaking Classes and Various Functions of Online Learning Platforms. In Developments and Future Trends in Transnational Higher Education Leadership [Advances in Higher Education and Professional Development, ], ► pp. 208 ff.
Ayad Khalaf Rashid & Istabraq Tariq Jawad
2023. Quality of Writing in EFL University Students' Descriptive Essays. مجلة آداب الفراهيدي 15:53 ► pp. 603 ff.
Buac, Milijana & Margarita Kaushanskaya
2023. The Impact of Non-Native Language Input on Bilingual Children’s Language Skills. Languages 8:4 ► pp. 277 ff.
2023. Exploring the Effects of Automated Written Corrective Feedback on EFL Students’ Writing Quality: A Mixed-Methods Study. Sage Open 13:2
Fan, Ning
2024. Effects of collaborative vs. individual pre-task planning on EFL learners’ L2 writing: transferability of writing quality. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 11:1
2023. Examining the perceptions and self-reported practices of L2 teachers in China regarding oral fluency: A conceptual replication and extension. Language Teaching Research
Gouider, Ilyes
2023. Using the Weighted Clause Ratio to Measure the Accuracy of Students’ Responses to Epistemic Questions. SSRN Electronic Journal
Grevisse, Daniel Grégoire, Marzena Watorek & Frédéric Isel
2023. The Subjunctive as a Model of Grammatical Complexity: An Integrative Review of Issues Based on Combined Evidence from Mental Chronometry and Neurosciences. Brain Sciences 13:6 ► pp. 974 ff.
Jiang, Michael Yi‐Chao, Morris Siu‐Yung Jong, Wilfred Wing‐Fat Lau, Ching‐Sing Chai & Na Wu
2023. Exploring the effects of automatic speech recognition technology on oral accuracy and fluency in a flipped classroom. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 39:1 ► pp. 125 ff.
Kim, Minkyung & Scott A. Crossley
2023. Lexical and phraseological differences between second language written and spoken opinion responses. Frontiers in Psychology 14
Kuiken, Folkert
2023. Linguistic complexity in second language acquisition. Linguistics Vanguard 9:s1 ► pp. 83 ff.
Li, Mimi & Meixiu Zhang
2023. Collaborative writing in L2 classrooms: A research agenda. Language Teaching 56:1 ► pp. 94 ff.
2023. Task communicative function and oral fluency of L1 and L2 speakers. The Modern Language Journal 107:4 ► pp. 896 ff.
Muñoz, Carmen & Elsa Tragant
2023. Written and Oral Production Development through Primary and Secondary School. In Ten Years of English Learning at School, ► pp. 69 ff.
Norris, John M., Shoko Sasayama & Michelle Kim
2023. Simulating Real‐World Context in an Email Writing Task: Implications for Task‐Based Language Assessment. ETS Research Report Series 2023:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Rivard, Léonard P. & Ndeye R. Gueye
2023. Syntactic complexity and connector use in the summary writing of L1 and L2 Canadian students. Journal of French Language Studies 33:2 ► pp. 197 ff.
Rokoszewska, Katarzyna
2023. Dynamic Relationships Between Lexical Frequency Levels in L2 English Writing at Secondary School: A Learner Corpus Analysis. In Contemporary Issues in Foreign Language Education [English Language Education, 32], ► pp. 191 ff.
Sang, Zilin & Weicheng Zou
2023. The Effect of Joint Production on the Accuracy and Complexity of Second Language Writing. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 52:2 ► pp. 425 ff.
Thi, Nang Kham & Marianne Nikolov
2023. Effects of teacher, automated, and combined feedback on syntactic complexity in EFL students’ writing. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education 8:1
Torres, Julio
2023. Heritage language learners’ written texts across pair types and interaction mode. Language Teaching Research 27:1 ► pp. 5 ff.
Vandeweerd, Nathan, Alex Housen & Magali Paquot
2023. Comparing the longitudinal development of phraseological complexity across oral and written tasks. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 45:4 ► pp. 787 ff.
Xu, Yiqin
2023. Investigating the effects of digital multimodal composing on Chinese EFL learners’ writing performance: a quasi-experimental study. Computer Assisted Language Learning 36:4 ► pp. 785 ff.
Zhang, Meixiu & Qi Liu
2023. Synchronous and asynchronous online collaborative writing: A study on Chinese language learners. Foreign Language Annals 56:3 ► pp. 740 ff.
Zhang, Yanhui
2023. Modelling the lexical complexity of homogenous texts: a time series approach. Quality & Quantity 57:3 ► pp. 2033 ff.
Albert, Ágnes
2022. Language Tasks. In Investigating the Role of Affective Factors in Second Language Learning Tasks [Second Language Learning and Teaching, ], ► pp. 31 ff.
Albert, Ágnes
2022. The Task-Based Study: Investigating Learners’ Motivation, Emotions, Self-Efficacy Beliefs, and Flow State in Relation to Their Performance on Language Tasks. In Investigating the Role of Affective Factors in Second Language Learning Tasks [Second Language Learning and Teaching, ], ► pp. 91 ff.
Donohoe, Eva
2022. Évaluer les gains langagiers dans le cadre d’un apprentissage informel à l’étranger. Recherches en didactique des langues et des cultures 20-1:20-1
Gaillat, Thomas, Andrew Simpkin, Nicolas Ballier, Bernardo Stearns, Annanda Sousa, Manon Bouyé & Manel Zarrouk
2022. Predicting CEFR levels in learners of English: The use of microsystem criterial features in a machine learning approach. ReCALL 34:2 ► pp. 130 ff.
2022. The Effects of Topic Familiarity on Text Quality, Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency: A Conceptual Replication. TESOL Quarterly 56:4 ► pp. 1163 ff.
Kostromitina, Maria & Luke Plonsky
2022. ELICITED IMITATION TASKS AS A MEASURE OF L2 PROFICIENCY. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 44:3 ► pp. 886 ff.
Link, Stephanie, Mohaddeseh Mehrzad & Mohammad Rahimi
2022. Impact of automated writing evaluation on teacher feedback, student revision, and writing improvement. Computer Assisted Language Learning 35:4 ► pp. 605 ff.
2022. Effects of Competency-Based Approach on Enhancing Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency of Writing among Iranian Upper- Intermediate Pre-Service Teachers. Iranian Journal of Educational Sociology 5:4 ► pp. 9 ff.
Ogawa, Chie
2022. CAF indices and human ratings of oral performances in an opinion-based monologue task. Language Testing in Asia 12:1
Qiu, Xuyan & Hong Cheng
2022. The effects of task types on L2 oral production and learner engagement. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 60:4 ► pp. 1063 ff.
2022. How Does Creativity Affect Second Language Speech Production? The Moderating Role of Speaking Task Type. TESOL Quarterly 56:4 ► pp. 1320 ff.
Uzun, Kutay
2022. Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency in Second Language Writing. In The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching, ► pp. 1 ff.
Williams, Christopher
2022. Syntactic Complexity as an Indicator of Proficiency in Argumentative Essays. In Výzkum v didaktice cizích jazyků V, ► pp. 179 ff.
Wisniewski, Katrin
2022. Gesprochene Lernerkorpora des Deutschen: Eine Bestandsaufnahme. Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik 50:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Zhou, Jieyu & Chan Lü
2022. Enhancing Syntactic Complexity in L2 Chinese Writing: Effects of Form-Focused Instruction on the Chinese Topic Chain. Frontiers in Psychology 13
Mohammad Javad Ahmadian & Michael H. Long
2021. The Cambridge Handbook of Task-Based Language Teaching,
Awwad, Anas & Rashed Alhamad
2021. Online task planning and L2 oral fluency:does manipulating time pressure affect fluency in L2 monologic oral narratives?. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 59:4 ► pp. 605 ff.
Awwad, Anas & Rashed Alhamad
2021. Online task planning and L2 oral fluency:does manipulating time pressure affect fluency in L2 monologic oral narratives?. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 59:4 ► pp. 605 ff.
Byman Frisén, Liliann, Pia Sundqvist & Erica Sandlund
2021. Policy in Practice: Teachers’ Conceptualizations of L2 English Oral Proficiency as Operationalized in High-Stakes Test Assessment. Languages 6:4 ► pp. 204 ff.
DAO, PHUNG, MAI XUAN NHAT CHI NGUYEN, PHUONG–THAO DUONG & VU TRAN–THANH
2021. Learners’ Engagement in L2 Computer‐Mediated Interaction: Chat Mode, Interlocutor Familiarity, and Text Quality. The Modern Language Journal 105:4 ► pp. 767 ff.
Ellis, Rod
2021. A short history of SLA: Where have we come from and where are we going?. Language Teaching 54:2 ► pp. 190 ff.
Gao, Jianwu & Shuang Ma
2021. LEARNING CONDITION, LINGUISTIC COMPLEXITY, AND FIRST LANGUAGE TRANSFER IN SEMIARTIFICIAL LANGUAGE LEARNING. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 43:2 ► pp. 355 ff.
Hurtado, Irati & Kacie Gastañaga
2021. Influence of Writing Instruction on Spanish Heritage Learners in Heritage-Only and Mixed Courses: A Longitudinal Study. Languages 6:2 ► pp. 109 ff.
Lesonen, Sirkku, Rasmus Steinkrauss, Minna Suni & Marjolijn Verspoor
2021. Dynamic Usage-based Principles in the Development of L2 Finnish Evaluative Constructions. Applied Linguistics 42:3 ► pp. 442 ff.
Lichtman, Karen
2021. What About Fluency? Implicit vs. Explicit Training Affects Artificial Mini-Language Production. Applied Linguistics 42:4 ► pp. 668 ff.
2021. How does longitudinal interaction promote second language speech learning? Roles of learner experience and proficiency levels. Second Language Research 37:4 ► pp. 547 ff.
2021. Using the Relative Entropy of Linguistic Complexity to Assess L2 Language Proficiency Development. Entropy 23:8 ► pp. 1080 ff.
Trentman, Emma
2021. Arabic Study Abroad. In The Cambridge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, ► pp. 106 ff.
Uztosun, Mehmet Sercan
2021. Foreign language speaking competence and self‐regulated speaking motivation. Foreign Language Annals 54:2 ► pp. 410 ff.
Uztosun, Mehmet Sercan
2024. Cultivating Oral Communication Skills in Academic Contexts. In Teaching English for Academic Purposes, ► pp. 143 ff.
Wang, Zehua, Feifei Han & Filomena Papa
2021. Developing English language learners’ oral production with a digital game-based mobile application. PLOS ONE 16:1 ► pp. e0232671 ff.
Yu, Qiaona
2021. An Organic Syntactic Complexity Measure for the Chinese Language: The TC-Unit. Applied Linguistics 42:1 ► pp. 60 ff.
Yu, Qiaona
2025. Defining and Assessing Chinese Syntactic Complexity. In Defining and Assessing Chinese Syntactic Complexity via TC-Units [Frontiers in Chinese Linguistics, 13], ► pp. 19 ff.
Zhang, Meixiu
2021. Understanding L1 and L2 interaction in collaborative writing: A lexico-grammatical analysis. Language Teaching Research 25:3 ► pp. 338 ff.
曾, 焱
2021. How Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency Shape Scores of English Writing in National College Entrance Examination and TOEFL. Overseas English Testing: Pedagogy and Research 03:04 ► pp. 158 ff.
Abdi Tabari, Mahmoud
2020. Differential Effects of Strategic Planning and Task Structure on L2 Writing Outcomes. Reading & Writing Quarterly 36:4 ► pp. 320 ff.
Bell, Philippa, Laura Collins & Emma Marsden
2020. Building an Oral and Written Learner Corpus of a School Programme: Methodological Issues. In Learner Corpus Research Meets Second Language Acquisition, ► pp. 214 ff.
2020. The quality of child-directed speech depends on the speaker's language proficiency. Journal of Child Language 47:1 ► pp. 132 ff.
Joan Casademont, Anna
2020. Types d’erreurs chez des francophones qui apprennent le catalan dans un examen du niveau B1 (Seuil). Íkala 25:2 ► pp. 417 ff.
Paquot, Magali, Hubert Naets & Stefan Th. Gries
2020. Using Syntactic Co-occurrences to Trace Phraseological Complexity Development in Learner Writing: Verb + Object Structures in LONGDALE. In Learner Corpus Research Meets Second Language Acquisition, ► pp. 122 ff.
Ruiz‐Funes, Marcela T.
2020. The development of oral ability in L2 Spanish by English‐home language learners in a TWI program. Foreign Language Annals 53:1 ► pp. 96 ff.
Ströbel, Marcus, Elma Kerz & Daniel Wiechmann
2020. The Relationship Between First and Second Language Writing: Investigating the Effects of First Language Complexity on Second Language Complexity in Advanced Stages of Learning. Language Learning 70:3 ► pp. 732 ff.
Sun, Peijian Paul
2020. L2 Learning and Speaking: A Literature Review. In Chinese as a Second Language Multilinguals’ Speech Competence and Speech Performance, ► pp. 45 ff.
Sun, Peijian Paul
2020. Speech Competence and Speech Performance: A Literature Review. In Chinese as a Second Language Multilinguals’ Speech Competence and Speech Performance, ► pp. 31 ff.
Suzuki, Shungo & Judit Kormos
2020. LINGUISTIC DIMENSIONS OF COMPREHENSIBILITY AND PERCEIVED FLUENCY: AN INVESTIGATION OF COMPLEXITY, ACCURACY, AND FLUENCY IN SECOND LANGUAGE ARGUMENTATIVE SPEECH. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 42:1 ► pp. 143 ff.
Suzuki, Shungo & Judit Kormos
2025. L2 fluency across tasks: disentangling demands on conceptualisation and formulation in speech production. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching
van Batenburg, Eline SL, Ron J Oostdam, Amos JS van Gelderen, Ruben G Fukkink & Nivja H de Jong
2020. Evaluating opportunities in Dutch EFL course books for developing pre-vocational learners’ oral interactional ability. Language Teaching Research 24:4 ► pp. 434 ff.
2020. The effect of topic familiarity on the complexity, accuracy, and fluency of second language writing
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Bernardini, Petra & Jonas Granfeldt
2019. On cross‐linguistic variation and measures of linguistic complexity in learner texts: Italian, French and English. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 29:2 ► pp. 211 ff.
Caldas, Blanca, Deborah Palmer & María Schwedhelm
2019. Speakingeducaciónin Spanish: linguistic and professional development in a bilingual teacher education program in the US-Mexico Borderlands. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 22:1 ► pp. 49 ff.
Celaya, M. Luz
2019. The Emergence and Development of Syntactic Patterns in EFL Writing in a School Context: A Longitudinal Study. Languages 4:2 ► pp. 41 ff.
FELKER, EMILY R., HEIDI E. KLOCKMANN & NIVJA H. DE JONG
2019. How conceptualizing influences fluency in first and second language speech production. Applied Psycholinguistics 40:1 ► pp. 111 ff.
Fogal, Gary G. & Richard S. Pinner
2019. Exploring Literary Texts as a Tool for Developing L2 Oral Proficiency. In Literature, Spoken Language and Speaking Skills in Second Language Learning, ► pp. 202 ff.
Galbraith, David & Ineke Vedder
2019. METHODOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN INVESTIGATING L2 WRITING PROCESSES. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 41:3 ► pp. 633 ff.
Kuiken, Folkert, Ineke Vedder, Alex Housen & Bastien De Clercq
2019. Variation in syntactic complexity: Introduction. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 29:2 ► pp. 161 ff.
2019. Smartphone Screen Recording Apps: An Effective Tool to Enhance Fluency in the English Language. Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal 21:2 ► pp. 208 ff.
Plakans, Lia, Atta Gebril & Zeynep Bilki
2019. Shaping a score: Complexity, accuracy, and fluency in integrated writing performances. Language Testing 36:2 ► pp. 161 ff.
Yan, Hengbin & Yinghui Li
2019. Beyond Length: Investigating Dependency Distance Across L2 Modalities and Proficiency Levels. Open Linguistics 5:1 ► pp. 601 ff.
Bui, Gavin & Peter Skehan
2018. Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency. In The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching, ► pp. 1 ff.
Bui, Gavin, Peter Skehan & Zhan Wang
2018. Task Condition Effects on Advanced‐Level Foreign Language Performance. In The Handbook of Advanced Proficiency in Second Language Acquisition, ► pp. 219 ff.
Byrnes, Heidi
2018. Advanced‐Level Grammatical Development in Instructed SLA. In The Handbook of Advanced Proficiency in Second Language Acquisition, ► pp. 131 ff.
Byrnes, Heidi
2019. Applying SFL for Understanding and Fostering Instructed Second Language Development. In The Cambridge Handbook of Systemic Functional Linguistics, ► pp. 512 ff.
Carty, Nicola
2018. New Speakers, Potential New Speakers, and Their Experiences and Abilities in Scottish Gaelic. In New Speakers of Minority Languages, ► pp. 253 ff.
Ghahari, Shima & Farzaneh Farokhnia
2018. Peer versus teacher assessment: Implications for CAF triad language ability and critical reflections. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology 6:2 ► pp. 124 ff.
Gironzetti, Elisa & Flavia Belpoliti
2018. Investigación y pedagogía en la enseñanza del español como lengua de herencia (ELH): una metasíntesis cualitativa. Journal of Spanish Language Teaching 5:1 ► pp. 16 ff.
Huang, Li‐Shih
2018. Teaching Speaking to Adult Learners. In The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching, ► pp. 1 ff.
Isabelli-García, Christina, Jennifer Bown, John L. Plews & Dan P. Dewey
2018. Language learning and study abroad. Language Teaching 51:4 ► pp. 439 ff.
Iwashita, Noriko
2018. Grammar and Language Proficiency. In The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching, ► pp. 1 ff.
KAHNG, JIMIN
2018. The effect of pause location on perceived fluency. Applied Psycholinguistics 39:3 ► pp. 569 ff.
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2020. Explaining second language utterance fluency: Contribution of cognitive fluency and first language utterance fluency. Applied Psycholinguistics 41:2 ► pp. 457 ff.
2018. Acquisition and assessment of L2 Chinese speaking. In The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Second Language Acquisition, ► pp. 234 ff.
PELTONEN, PAULIINA
2018. Exploring Connections Between First and Second Language Fluency: A Mixed Methods Approach. The Modern Language Journal 102:4 ► pp. 676 ff.
Peltonen, Pauliina
2022. Connections between measured and assessed fluency in L2 peer interaction: a problem-solving perspective. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 60:4 ► pp. 983 ff.
Sadeghi, Karim & Farah Ghaderi
2018. Pre-task planning and explicit instruction: Effects on CALF in an oral jigsaw task and gains in linguistic knowledge. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 36:4 ► pp. 365 ff.
Tavakoli, Parvaneh & Ann-Marie Hunter
2018. Is fluency being ‘neglected’ in the classroom? Teacher understanding of fluency and related classroom practices. Language Teaching Research 22:3 ► pp. 330 ff.
Zabihi, Reza
2018. The Role of Cognitive and Affective Factors in Measures of L2 Writing. Written Communication 35:1 ► pp. 32 ff.
Abrams, Zsuzsanna & David R. Byrd
2017. The effects of meaning-focused pre-tasks on beginning-level L2 writing in German: An exploratory study. Language Teaching Research 21:4 ► pp. 434 ff.
Abrams, Zsuzsanna & Susanne Rott
2017. Variability and variation of L2 grammar: A cross-sectional analysis of German learners’ performance on two tasks. Language Teaching Research 21:2 ► pp. 144 ff.
Fortune, Tara W. & Zhongkui Ju
2017. Assessing and Exploring the Oral Proficiency of Young Mandarin Immersion Learners. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 37 ► pp. 264 ff.
Gráf, Tomáš
2017. Verb Errors in Advanced Spoken English. AUC PHILOLOGICA 2017:1 ► pp. 131 ff.
Gurzynski-Weiss, Laura, Avizia Yim Long & Megan Solon
2017. TBLT AND L2 PRONUNCIATION. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 39:2 ► pp. 213 ff.
Knouzi, Ibtissem & Callie Mady
2017. Indicators of an “Immigrant Advantage” in the Writing of L3 French Learners. The Canadian Modern Language Review 73:3 ► pp. 368 ff.
Lahmann, Cornelia, Rasmus Steinkrauss & Monika S Schmid
2017. Speed, breakdown, and repair: An investigation of fluency in long-term second-language speakers of English. International Journal of Bilingualism 21:2 ► pp. 228 ff.
Lahmann, Cornelia, Rasmus Steinkrauss & Monika S. Schmid
2016. Factors Affecting Grammatical and Lexical Complexity of Long‐Term L2 Speakers’ Oral Proficiency. Language Learning 66:2 ► pp. 354 ff.
Lahmann, Cornelia, Rasmus Steinkrauss & Monika S. Schmid
2019. Measuring linguistic complexity in long‐term L2 speakers of English and L1 attriters of German. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 29:2 ► pp. 173 ff.
Leonard, Karen Ruth & Christine E. Shea
2017. L2 Speaking Development During Study Abroad: Fluency, Accuracy, Complexity, and Underlying Cognitive Factors. The Modern Language Journal 101:1 ► pp. 179 ff.
Mufwene, Salikoko S., Christophe Coupé & François Pellegrino
2017. Complexity in Language: A Multifaceted Phenomenon. In Complexity in Language, ► pp. 1 ff.
Polio, Charlene
2017. Second language writing development: A research agenda. Language Teaching 50:2 ► pp. 261 ff.
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2017. Effects of Sound, Vocabulary, and Grammar Learning Aptitude on Adult Second Language Speech Attainment in Foreign Language Classrooms. Language Learning 67:3 ► pp. 665 ff.
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2020. Multi‐ or Single‐Word Units? The Role of Collocation Use in Comprehensible and Contextually Appropriate Second Language Speech. Language Learning 70:2 ► pp. 548 ff.
Ahmadian, Mohammad Javad
2016. Task-based language teaching and learning. The Language Learning Journal 44:4 ► pp. 377 ff.
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2016. The differential effects of two types of task repetition on the complexity, accuracy, and fluency in computer-mediated L2 written production: a focus on computer anxiety. Computer Assisted Language Learning 29:5 ► pp. 1052 ff.
2016. Predicting Patterns of Grammatical Complexity Across Language Exam Task Types and Proficiency Levels. Applied Linguistics 37:5 ► pp. 639 ff.
De Clercq, Bastien, F. Neveu, G. Bergounioux, M.-H. Côté, J.-M. Fournier, L. Hriba & S. Prévost
2016. Le développement de la complexité syntaxique en français langue seconde : complexité structurelle et diversité. SHS Web of Conferences 27 ► pp. 07006 ff.
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2016. OF MOVING TARGETS AND CHAMELEONS. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 38:2 ► pp. 353 ff.
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2016. Effects of sociolinguistic awareness on French L2 learners' planned and unplanned oral production of stylistic variation. Language Awareness 25:1-2 ► pp. 55 ff.
2016. Integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches in L2 fluency analysis: A study of Finnish-speaking and Swedish-speaking learners of English at two school levels. European Journal of Applied Linguistics 4:2 ► pp. 209 ff.
Peltonen, Pauliina & Pekka Lintunen
2022. Multilingual speakers’ L1, L2, and L3 fluency across languages: A study of Finnish, Swedish, and English. Nordand 17:1 ► pp. 48 ff.
2015. Oral Proficiency Assessment of English‐Proficient K–8 Spanish Immersion Students. The Modern Language Journal 99:4 ► pp. 637 ff.
Kim, YouJin
2015. The Role of Tasks as Vehicles for Language Learning in Classroom Interaction. In The Handbook of Classroom Discourse and Interaction, ► pp. 163 ff.
2015. The Use of Discourse Markers among Mandarin Chinese Teachers, and Chinese as a Second Language and Chinese as a Foreign Language Learners. Applied Linguistics► pp. amv057 ff.
Yang, Wenxing & Ying Sun
2015. Dynamic Development of Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency in Multilingual Learners’ L1, L2 and L3 Writing. Theory and Practice in Language Studies 5:2 ► pp. 298 ff.
2014. Formulaic Sequences as Fluency Devices in the Oral Production of Native Speakers of Polish. Research in Language 12:2 ► pp. 113 ff.
Guz, Ewa
2015. Establishing the fluency gap between native and non-native-speech. Research in Language 13:3 ► pp. 230 ff.
Guz, Ewa
2016. Refining the methodology for investigating the relationship between fluency and the use of formulaic language in learner speech. Research in Language 14:2 ► pp. 95 ff.
2019. Syntactic complexity across proficiency and languages: L2 and L1 writing in Dutch, Italian and Spanish. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 29:2 ► pp. 192 ff.
2016. Tasks Versus Conditions: Two Perspectives on Task Research and Their Implications for Pedagogy. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 36 ► pp. 34 ff.
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This list is based on CrossRef data as of 6 march 2026. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.