This is the first serious and extensive examination of American cursing from a psycholinguistic-contextual point of view. Several field studies and numerous laboratory-based experiments focus on the relationship between cursing and language acquisitions, anger expresssion, gender stereotypes, semantics, and offensiveness. Censorship, language content of motion pictures, First-Amendment fighting words, sexual harassment, obscene phone calls, and cursing at public schools are analyzed and related to sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic data. Many tables of word-by-word data provide empirical evidence of frequency of occurrence, degree of offensiveness, gender of speaker and age of speaker influences on obscene language usage in America. A "must" for language reference collections.
2025. Children’s interpretation of epithets: On coreference and self-ascription. Language Acquisition► pp. 1 ff.
Crespo-Fernández, Eliecer
2025. Taboo language research in the new millennium: A literature review. Complutense Journal of English Studies 33 ► pp. e102066 ff.
Eriksson, Kimmo, Pontus Strimling, Irina Vartanova, Brent Simpson, Minna Persson, Khalid Ahmed Abdi, Neta Ad, Alisher Aldashev, Habib Mohammad Ali, Maurizio Alì, Khatai Aliyev, Yasser M. H. A. Alrefaee, Alberth Estuardo Alvarado Ortiz, Per A. Andersson, Giulia Andrighetto, Gizem Arikan, John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta, Christian Lutete Ayikwa, Jonatan Baños-Chaparro, Davide Barrera, Justina Barsyte, Birzhan Batkeyev, Azma Batool, Elizaveta Berezina, Stéphanie Ngandu Bimina, Marie Björnstjerna, Sheyla Blumen, Paweł Boski, Eva Boštjančič, Yap Boum, Marie Briguglio, Kagonbe Bruno, Huyen Thi Thu Bui, Tomás Caycho-Rodríguez, Yanyan Chen, Manase Kudzai Chiweshe, Hoon-Seok Choi, Carlos C. Contreras-Ibáñez, Dinka Čorkalo, Christian E. Cruz-Torres, Andrea Czakó, Piyanjali de Zoysa, Zsolt Demetrovics, Bojana M. Dinić, Saša Drače, Rita W. El-Haddad, Jan B. Engelmann, Ignacio Escudero Pérez, Hyun Euh, Xia Fang, Celine Frank, Esteban Freidin, Marta Fulop, Vladimer Gamsakhurdia, Mauro Alberto García Jiménez, Ragna B. Gardarsdottir, Alin Gavreliuc, Colin Mathew Hugues D. Gill, Biljana Gjoneska, Andreas Glöckner, Sylvie Graf, Ani Grigoryan, Katarzyna Growiec, Brian W. Haas, Geoffrey Haddock, Stavros P. Hadjisolomou, Nina Hadžiahmetović, Mohammad Hosein Haji Mohammad Ali, Eemeli Hakoköngäs, Peter Halama, Given Hapunda, Andree Hartanto, Mahsa Hazrati, Boris Christian Herbas-Torrico, Szilárd Holka, Martina Hřebíčková, John A. Hunter, Moudachirou Ibikounle, Dzintra Ilisko, Harpa Lind Hjördísar Jónsdóttir, Zivile Kaminskiene, Hansika Kapoor, Iva Kapović, Gassemi Karim, Kerry Kawakami, Narine Khachatryan, Julian B. Kirschner, Jonah Kiruja, Toko Kiyonari, Michal Kohút, Shazia Kousar, Besnik Krasniqi, Ludovic Lado, Miguel Landa-Blanco, Barbara Landon, Žan Lep, Lisa M. Leslie, Yang Li, Kadi Liik, Ming-Jen Lin, Marlon Elías Lobos Rivera, Wilson López-López, Edona Maloku, Mohona Mandal, Bernardo Ananias Manhique, Nathan Mpeti Mbende, Imed Medhioub, Maria Luisa Mendes Teixeira, J. Paola Merchán Tamayo, Linda Lila Mohammed, Schontal N. Moore, Bahar Moraligil, Nijat Muradzada, Herwin Nanda, Ekaterina Nastina, Pegah Nejat, Daniel Nettle, Orlando Julio Andre Nipassa, Martin Noe-Grijalva, Pie Ntampaka, Rodrigue Ntone, Ravit Nussinson, Milan Oljača, Nneoma G. Onyedire, Ike E. Onyishi, Penny Panagiotopoulou, Daybel Pañellas Alvarez, Md. Shahin Parvez, Gian Luca Pasin, Ivana Pedović, Pablo Pérez de León, Lorena R. Perez Floriano, Nada Pop-Jordanova, Jose Roberto Portillo, Angela Potang, Adolfo Quesada-Román, Jana L. Raver, Ricardo B. Rodrigues, Juan Diego Rodríguez-Romero, Sara Romanò, Robert M. Ross, Nachita Rosun, Selka Sadiković, Alvaro San Martin, Snežana Smederevac, Sarah Jane Smith, Natalia Soboleva, Daniel Erena Sonessa, Samantha K. Stanley, Kristina Stoyanova, Drozdstoy Stoyanov, Kosuke Takemura, John Thøgersen, Habib Tiliouine, Hans Tung, Tungalag Ulambayar, Elze Marija Uzdavinyte, Randall Waechter, Yi-Ting Wang, Junhui Wu, Brice Martial Yambio, Eric Yankson, Kuang-Hui Yeh & Paul A. M. Van Lange
2025. Everyday norms have become more permissive over time and vary across cultures. Communications Psychology 3:1
Jonason, Peter K., Francesca Tobaldo, Ronja Zannoni & Katja Seiffert
2025. Feeling Love and Lust: An Examination of Individualistic and Mutualistic Erotic Talk. Archives of Sexual Behavior 54:3 ► pp. 1093 ff.
Li, Xin & Jingxuan Sun
2025. Words Can Hurt: Performing Impoliteness Act in Chinese Interactions. East Asian Pragmatics 10:1 ► pp. 26 ff.
Polli, Chiara
2025. Insights into Religious Satire and Blasphemous Translations. In Translating US Underground Comix in Italy [Palgrave Studies in Translating and Interpreting, ], ► pp. 295 ff.
2025. Changing taboos in Australian English: Findings from Australian university students. Australian Journal of Linguistics► pp. 1 ff.
Abdel-Raheem, Ahmed
2024. The “menstruating” Muslim Brotherhood: taboo metaphor, face attack, and gender in Egyptian culture. Social Semiotics 34:2 ► pp. 151 ff.
Ambarwati, Rosita & Sofie Rizky Mahirawati
2024. An Analysis of Taboo on Netizen’s Comments on the Cambodia SEA Games 2023’s Instagram Account. Linguistics Initiative 4:1 ► pp. 30 ff.
Bendík, Lukáš
2024. Preklad expresívnej lexiky v audiovizuálnom diele The Last of Us: dabing verzus titulky. NOVÁ FILOLOGICKÁ REVUE 15:2 ► pp. 1 ff.
Bendík, Lukáš
2024. Šesť idiolektov, jeden seriál: komparatívna analýza prekladu vulgarizmov v seriáli Yellowjackets. NOVÁ FILOLOGICKÁ REVUE 16:1 ► pp. 140 ff.
Bączkowska, Anna, Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, Slavko Žitnik, Chaya Liebeskind, Marcin Trojszczak & Giedre Valunaite Oleskeviciene
2024. Implicit offensive language taxonomy. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 20:2 ► pp. 463 ff.
Dyrmo, Tomasz
2024. Image schemas in gestural metaphorical scenarios of swearing. Multimodal Communication 13:2 ► pp. 117 ff.
Emre, Yusuf & Zeliha Subaşı
2024. WHY DOES CURSING MAKE LAUGH? A PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 33:2 ► pp. 537 ff.
Graci, Roberto
2024. Italian Taboos and Reporting Practices: A Sociolinguistic Perspective. In New Frontiers in Pragmalinguistic Studies [Perspectives in Pragmatics, Philosophy & Psychology, 37], ► pp. 177 ff.
2025. Rendering swearing across cultures: Arabic professional subtitles and fansubs of Pulp Fiction. Cogent Arts & Humanities 12:1
Samson, Kamei
2024. Divine vulgarism: theorising the culturally sanctioned vulgarities. Asian Ethnicity 25:3 ► pp. 453 ff.
Sulpizio, Simone, Fritz Günther, Linda Badan, Benjamin Basclain, Marc Brysbaert, Yuen Lai Chan, Laura Anna Ciaccio, Carolin Dudschig, Jon Andoni Duñabeitia, Fabio Fasoli, Ludovic Ferrand, Dušica Filipović Đurđević, Ernesto Guerra, Geoff Hollis, Remo Job, Khanitin Jornkokgoud, Hasibe Kahraman, Naledi Kgolo-Lotshwao, Sachiko Kinoshita, Julija Kos, Leslie Lee, Nala H. Lee, Ian Grant Mackenzie, Milica Manojlović, Christina Manouilidou, Mirko Martinic, Maria del Carmen Méndez, Ksenija Mišić, Natinee Na Chiangmai, Alexandre Nikolaev, Marina Oganyan, Patrice Rusconi, Giuseppe Samo, Chi-shing Tse, Chris Westbury, Peera Wongupparaj, Melvin J. Yap & Marco Marelli
2024. Taboo language across the globe: A multi-lab study. Behavior Research Methods 56:4 ► pp. 3794 ff.
Theodoridou, Eva & Vasilis Kagias
2024. The State They Live in: Lumpenproletariat and Linguistic Capital in Yannis Economides’ Films. In Class, Culture, and the Media in Greece, Volume 2, ► pp. 141 ff.
Abu-Rayyash, Hussein, Ahmad S. Haider & Amer Al-Adwan
2023. Strategies of translating swear words into Arabic: a case study of a parallel corpus of Netflix English-Arabic movie subtitles. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 10:1
Ashenafi, Tesfaye
2023. Cursing expressions in Rayya Tigrinya: Semantic and pragmatic aspects. Cogent Arts & Humanities 10:1
Barrera-Rioja, Noemí
2023. The Rendering of Foul Language in Spanish-English Subtitling: The Case of El Vecino. Íkala, Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura 28:2 ► pp. 1 ff.
Bataineh, Rula Fahmi , Ruba F. Bataineh & Lara K. Andraws
2023. How Polite can Impoliteness be? A Jordanian Gendered Perspective. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies► pp. 16 ff.
Bączkowska, Anna
2023. Implicit offensiveness from linguistic and computational perspectives: A study of irony and sarcasm. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 19:2 ► pp. 353 ff.
de Vries, Bouke
2023. Is swearing morally innocent?. Ratio 36:2 ► pp. 159 ff.
Husain, Waqar, Samia Wasif, Insha Fatima & Janusz K. Rybakowski
2023. Profanity as a Self-Defense Mechanism and an Outlet for Emotional Catharsis in Stress, Anxiety, and Depression. Depression Research and Treatment 2023 ► pp. 1 ff.
Lafreniere, Katherine C., Sarah G. Moore & Robert J. Fisher
2022. The Power of Profanity: The Meaning and Impact of Swear Words in Word of Mouth. Journal of Marketing Research 59:5 ► pp. 908 ff.
Ansari, Aseer Ahmad
2021. Evolution of Sentiment Analysis: Methodologies and Paradigms. In Trends of Data Science and Applications [Studies in Computational Intelligence, 954 ], ► pp. 147 ff.
2021. What Is All the Fuss About?. In An Anatomy of Chinese Offensive Words, ► pp. 1 ff.
Carson, Lorna & Ning Jiang
2021. An Anatomy of the Chinese Offensive Lexicon. In An Anatomy of Chinese Offensive Words, ► pp. 17 ff.
Carson, Lorna & Ning Jiang
2021. Offensive Language and First Language Acquisition of Chinese. In An Anatomy of Chinese Offensive Words, ► pp. 157 ff.
Carson, Lorna & Ning Jiang
2021. Offensive Language and Sociocultural Homogeneity in Singapore: An Ethnolinguistic Perspective. In An Anatomy of Chinese Offensive Words, ► pp. 177 ff.
Chu, Haoran, Shupei Yuan & Sixiao Liu
2021. Call them COVIDiots: Exploring the effects of aggressive communication style and psychological distance in the communication of COVID-19. Public Understanding of Science 30:3 ► pp. 240 ff.
Coats, Steven
2021. ‘Bad language’ in the Nordics: profanity and gender in a social media corpus. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 53:1 ► pp. 22 ff.
Dylewski, Radosław
2021. Dissecting the Word: The Use of the LexemeShitin Selected Performances of Comedian Dave Chappelle’s Stand-Up Routine. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 56:s1 ► pp. 511 ff.
Gauthier, Michael
2021. ‘Eww wtf, what a dumb bitch’: a case study of similitudes inside gender-specific swearing patterns on Twitter. Corpora 16:1 ► pp. 31 ff.
Sazzed, Salim
2021. BengSentiLex and BengSwearLex: creating lexicons for sentiment analysis and profanity detection in low-resource Bengali language. PeerJ Computer Science 7 ► pp. e681 ff.
Wei, Ying & Qingsong Chen
2021. Development of a Chinese College Students' Attitudes Toward Sexual Swear Words Scale. Frontiers in Psychology 12
Williams, Izaak L. & Michael Uebel
2021. On the use of profane language in psychotherapy and counseling: A brief summary of studies over the last six decades. European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling 23:4 ► pp. 404 ff.
Ajtony, Zsuzsanna
2020. Verbal Humour in Screen Translation: Officer Crabtree’s Case with the Fronch and Hungarian Longwodge. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 12:2 ► pp. 25 ff.
Cho, Suahn Jang & Yan Tian
2020. Why Do They Keep Swearing? The Role of Outcome Expectations between Descriptive Norms and Swearing among Korean Youths: A Test of the Theory of Normative Social Behavior. Western Journal of Communication 84:2 ► pp. 227 ff.
Donahoo, Stanley A. & Vicky Tzuyin Lai
2020. The mental representation and social aspect of expressives. Cognition and Emotion 34:7 ► pp. 1423 ff.
Kaye, Barbara K.
2020. A feckless punt: cursing onFull Frontal with Samantha Bee. Comedy Studies 11:2 ► pp. 275 ff.
Reilly, Jamie, Alexandra Kelly, Bonnie M. Zuckerman, Peter P. Twigg, Melissa Wells, Katie R. Jobson & Maurice Flurie
2020. Building the perfect curse word: A psycholinguistic investigation of the form and meaning of taboo words. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 27:1 ► pp. 139 ff.
Shouse, Eric
2020. Shit Talking and Ass Kicking: Heckling, Physical Violence and Realistic Death Threats in Stand-Up Comedy. In The Dark Side of Stand-Up Comedy [Palgrave Studies in Comedy, ], ► pp. 247 ff.
Wene, Imelda Woa & Ouda Teda Ena
2020. CURSING, SEXUAL HARASSMENT, PROFANITY, OBSCENITY AND EPITHET IN DALLAS BUYERS CLUB MOVIE. JOALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics & Literature) 5:1 ► pp. 71 ff.
Briechle, Lucia & Eva Duran Eppler
2019. Swearword strength in subtitled and dubbed films: A reception study
. Intercultural Pragmatics 16:4 ► pp. 389 ff.
2019. The sacred and the profane: social media and temporal patterns of religiosity in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Contemporary Religion 34:3 ► pp. 489 ff.
Wafa'a Dahham Mohammed
2019. A Pragmatic Study of Oath Acts in English With Refernce to Arabic Oath - A Contrastive Study. مجلة آداب الفراهيدي 11:39 ► pp. 619 ff.
Wagner-Altendorf, Tobias A., Veit Roessner & Thomas F. Münte
2019. Swearing, Cursing, Coprophenomena. Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 30:4 ► pp. 250 ff.
Fernández, Julieta
2018. “I think I sound stupid if I try to use those words”: The role of metapragmatic awareness in the study abroad language classroom. Foreign Language Annals 51:2 ► pp. 430 ff.
Song, Yunya & Yi Wu
2018. Tracking the viral spread of incivility on social networking sites: The case of cursing in online discussions of Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict. Communication and the Public 3:1 ► pp. 46 ff.
Binns, Reuben, Michael Veale, Max Van Kleek & Nigel Shadbolt
2017. Like Trainer, Like Bot? Inheritance of Bias in Algorithmic Content Moderation. In Social Informatics [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 10540], ► pp. 405 ff.
Feldman, Gilad, Huiwen Lian, Michal Kosinski & David Stillwell
2017. Frankly, We Do Give a Damn. Social Psychological and Personality Science 8:7 ► pp. 816 ff.
2017. Historical (Im)politeness. In The Palgrave Handbook of Linguistic (Im)politeness, ► pp. 433 ff.
Kennison, Shelia M. & Rachel H. Messer
2017. Cursing as a Form of Risk-Taking. Current Psychology 36:1 ► pp. 119 ff.
Madan, Christopher R., Andrea T. Shafer, Michelle Chan & Anthony Singhal
2017. Shock and awe: Distinct effects of taboo words on lexical decision and free recall. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 70:4 ► pp. 793 ff.
Matusz, Łukasz
2017. Taboos and Swearing: Cross-Linguistic Universalities and Peculiarities. In Multiculturalism, Multilingualism and the Self [Second Language Learning and Teaching, ], ► pp. 33 ff.
2017. The A(ffective) B(ehavioral) C(ognitive) of Taboo Words in Natural Language: The Relationship Between Taboo Words’ Intensity and Frequency. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 36:3 ► pp. 306 ff.
Shimoyama, Tomoko, Fereidoon Shadpayam & Mary Parhizgari
Riegel, Monika, Małgorzata Wierzba, Marek Wypych, Łukasz Żurawski, Katarzyna Jednoróg, Anna Grabowska & Artur Marchewka
2015. Nencki Affective Word List (NAWL): the cultural adaptation of the Berlin Affective Word List–Reloaded (BAWL-R) for Polish. Behavior Research Methods 47:4 ► pp. 1222 ff.
Shafer, Daniel M. & Barbara K. Kaye
2015. Attitudes Toward Offensive Language in Media (ATOL-M): Investigating Enjoyment of Cursing-Laced Television and Films. Atlantic Journal of Communication 23:4 ► pp. 193 ff.
2015. Subtitling Tarantino’s offensive and taboo dialogue exchanges into european spanish: the case of Pulp Fiction. Revista de Lingüística y Lenguas Aplicadas 10:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
2014. Is the Emotional Memory Effect Sensitive to Encoding Instructions and the Passage of Time?. The American Journal of Psychology 127:1 ► pp. 63 ff.
Goddard, Cliff
2014. Jesus! vs. Christ! in Australian English: Semantics, Secondary Interjections and Corpus Analysis. In Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics 2014 [Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics, 2], ► pp. 55 ff.
Goddard, Cliff
2015. “Swear words” and “curse words” in Australian (and American) English. At the crossroads of pragmatics, semantics and sociolinguistics. Intercultural Pragmatics 12:2
Wang, Wenbo, Lu Chen, Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan & Amit P. Sheth
2014. Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work & social computing, ► pp. 415 ff.
Amri, Kais
2013. Contexte et théorie de l’impolitesse dans quelques comédies de Molière. Multilinguales :2 ► pp. 155 ff.
Demetry, Daphne
2013. Regimes of Meaning. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 42:5 ► pp. 576 ff.
Horan, Geraldine
2013. ‘You taught me language; and my profit on't/Is, I know how to curse’: cursing and swearing in foreign language learning. Language and Intercultural Communication 13:3 ► pp. 283 ff.
Jay, Kristin L. & Timothy B. Jay
2013. A Child’s Garden of Curses: A Gender, Historical, and Age-Related Evaluation of the Taboo Lexicon. The American Journal of Psychology 126:4 ► pp. 459 ff.
Reuterskiöld, Christina & Diana Van Lancker Sidtis
2013. Retention of idioms following one-time exposure. Child Language Teaching and Therapy 29:2 ► pp. 219 ff.
Allan, Keith
2012. X-phemism and creativity. Lexis :7
Allan, Keith
2016. The Pragmeme of Insult and Some Allopracts. In Pragmemes and Theories of Language Use [Perspectives in Pragmatics, Philosophy & Psychology, 9], ► pp. 69 ff.
Allan, Keith
2016. Pragmatics in language change and lexical creativity. SpringerPlus 5:1
Allan, Keith
2016. The Reporting of Slurs. In Indirect Reports and Pragmatics [Perspectives in Pragmatics, Philosophy & Psychology, 5], ► pp. 211 ff.
Allan, Keith
2020. The Semantics and Pragmatics of Three Potential Slurring Terms. In Studies in Ethnopragmatics, Cultural Semantics, and Intercultural Communication, ► pp. 163 ff.
Allan, Keith
2023. The Pleasure and Pain in Taboo Exploitation. Languages 8:3 ► pp. 208 ff.
Coyne, Sarah M., Mark Callister, Laura A. Stockdale, David A. Nelson & Brian M. Wells
2012. “A Helluva Read”: Profanity in Adolescent Literature. Mass Communication and Society 15:3 ► pp. 360 ff.
Johnson, Danette Ifert
2012. Swearing by Peers in the Work Setting: Expectancy Violation Valence, Perceptions of Message, and Perceptions of Speaker. Communication Studies 63:2 ► pp. 136 ff.
Ricke, LaChrystal D.
2012. Funny or Harmful?: Derogatory Speech on Fox’sFamily Guy. Communication Studies 63:2 ► pp. 119 ff.
Sharifi, Shahla & Shima Ebrahimi
2012. Assessing Speech Acts of Curses and Prayers in Persian. Theory and Practice in Language Studies 2:9
Thompson, Ashley E. & Lucia F. O’Sullivan
2012. Gender Differences in Associations of Sexual and Romantic Stimuli: Do Young Men Really Prefer Sex over Romance?. Archives of Sexual Behavior 41:4 ► pp. 949 ff.
Hugou, Vincent
2011. « You little zit! » ou quand une sitcom américaine est génératrice d’insultes. Anglophonia Caliban/Sigma 15 (30) ► pp. 119 ff.
Mann, Stephen L.
2011. Drag Queens' Use of Language and the Performance of Blurred Gendered and Racial Identities. Journal of Homosexuality 58:6-7 ► pp. 793 ff.
Mullany, Louise
2011. Im/politeness, Rapport Management and Workplace Culture: Truckers Performing Masculinities on Canadian Ice-Roads. In Politeness Across Cultures, ► pp. 61 ff.
Stone, Teresa, Margaret McMillan, Michael Hazelton & Edward H. Clayton
2011. Wounding Words: Swearing and Verbal Aggression in an Inpatient Setting. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 47:4 ► pp. 194 ff.
Eilola, Tiina M. & Jelena Havelka
2010. Affective norms for 210 British English and Finnish nouns. Behavior Research Methods 42:1 ► pp. 134 ff.
McHugh, Maureen C. & Jennifer Hambaugh
2010. She Said, He Said: Gender, Language, and Power. In Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology, ► pp. 379 ff.
Ringman, John M., Eunice Kwon, Deborah L. Flores, Carol Rotko, Mario F. Mendez & Po Lu
2010. The Use of Profanity During Letter Fluency Tasks in Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzheimer Disease. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology 23:3 ► pp. 159 ff.
Sapolsky*, Barry S., Daniel M. Shafer & Barbara K. Kaye
2010. Rating Offensive Words in Three Television Program Contexts. Mass Communication and Society 14:1 ► pp. 45 ff.
STONE, T. E., M. MCMILLAN & M. HAZELTON
2010. Swearing: its prevalence in healthcare settings and impact on nursing practice. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 17:6 ► pp. 528 ff.
Cressman, Dale L., Mark Callister, Tom Robinson & Chris Near
2009. SWEARING IN THE CINEMA. Journal of Children and Media 3:2 ► pp. 117 ff.
Fitzgerald, Megan, Barry Sapolsky & Steven McClung
2009. Offensive Language Spoken on Morning Radio Programs. Journal of Radio & Audio Media 16:2 ► pp. 181 ff.
Guillet, Rebecca & Jason Arndt
2009. Taboo words: The effect of emotion on memory for peripheral information. Memory & Cognition 37:6 ► pp. 866 ff.
Barbieri, Federica
2008. Patterns of age‐based linguistic variation in American English1. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12:1 ► pp. 58 ff.
Janschewitz, Kristin
2008. Taboo, emotionally valenced, and emotionally neutral word norms. Behavior Research Methods 40:4 ► pp. 1065 ff.
Stone, Teresa E. & Mike Hazelton
2008. An overview of swearing and its impact on mental health nursing practice. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 17:3 ► pp. 208 ff.
Thelwall, Mike
2008. Fk yea I swear: cursing and gender in MySpace. Corpora 3:1 ► pp. 83 ff.
2015. Deviant Orthography. In International Handbook of Semiotics, ► pp. 291 ff.
Williams, Ian
2007. Female Voices, Male Listeners: Identifying Gender in the Poetry of Anne Sexton and Wanda Coleman. In Women’s Literary Creativity and the Female Body, ► pp. 175 ff.
Jay, Timothy, Krista King & Tim Duncan
2006. Memories of Punishment for Cursing. Sex Roles 55:1-2 ► pp. 123 ff.
Scherer, Cory R. & Brad J. Sagarin
2006. Indecent influence: The positive effects of obscenity on persuasion. Social Influence 1:2 ► pp. 138 ff.
Jay, Timothy
2005. American Women: Their Cursing Habits and Religiosity. In Gender and the Language of Religion, ► pp. 63 ff.
Jay, Timothy
2009. The Utility and Ubiquity of Taboo Words. Perspectives on Psychological Science 4:2 ► pp. 153 ff.
Mackay, Donald G., Christopher B. Hadley & Joel H. Schwartz
2005. Relations between emotion, illusory word perception, and orthographic repetition blindness: Tests of binding theory. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 58:8 ► pp. 1514 ff.
Sapolsky, Barry S. & Barbara K. Kaye
2005. The Use of Offensive Language by Men and Women in Prime Time Television Entertainment. Atlantic Journal of Communication 13:4 ► pp. 292 ff.
Kaye, Barbara K. & Barry S. Sapolsky
2004. Watch Your Mouth! An Analysis of Profanity Uttered by Children on Prime-Time Television. Mass Communication and Society 7:4 ► pp. 429 ff.
Kaye, Barbara K. & Barry S. Sapolsky
2009. Taboo or Not Taboo? That is the Question: Offensive Language on Prime-Time Broadcast and Cable Programming. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 53:1 ► pp. 22 ff.
Lagorgette, Dominique & Pierre Larrivée
2004. Introduction. Langue française n° 144:4 ► pp. 3 ff.
Lagorgette, Dominique & Pierre Larrivée
2004. Interprétation des insultes et relations de solidarité. Langue française n° 144:4 ► pp. 83 ff.
Mackay, Donald G., Meredith Shafto, Jennifer K. Taylor, Diane E. Marian, Lise Abrams & Jennifer R. Dyer
2004. Relations between emotion, memory, and attention: Evidence from taboo Stroop, lexical decision, and immediate memory tasks. Memory & Cognition 32:3 ► pp. 474 ff.
McEnery, Anthony & Zhonghua Xiao
2004. Swearing in Modern British English: The Case of Fuck in the BNC. Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 13:3 ► pp. 235 ff.
Van Lancker Sidtis, Diana
2004. When novel sentences spoken or heard for the first time in the history of the universe are not enough1: toward a dual‐process model of language. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 39:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Van Lancker Sidtis, Diana
2006. Where in the Brain Is Nonliteral Language?. Metaphor and Symbol 21:4 ► pp. 213 ff.
Van Lancker Sidtis, Diana
2015. Formulaic Language in an Emergentist Framework. In The Handbook of Language Emergence, ► pp. 578 ff.
Bushman, Brad J. & Joanne Cantor
2003. Media ratings for violence and sex: Implications for policymakers and parents.. American Psychologist 58:2 ► pp. 130 ff.
Gray, Piers, Colin MacCabe & Victoria Rothschild
2002. Oaths and Laughter and Indecent Speech. In Stalin on Linguistics and other Essays, ► pp. 189 ff.
ADAMS, MICHAEL
2001. INFIXING AND INTERPOSING IN ENGLISH: A NEW DIRECTION. American Speech 76:3 ► pp. 327 ff.
Van Lancker, D & J.L Cummings
1999. Expletives: neurolinguistic and neurobehavioral perspectives on swearing. Brain Research Reviews 31:1 ► pp. 83 ff.
Murray, Thomas E.
1998. The Other Nicknames of American Greek-Letter Organizations. Names 46:2 ► pp. 113 ff.
Kaye, Barbara K. & Lucia M. Fishburne
1997. NYPD blueand media hype: An analysis of sex and indecent language. New Jersey Journal of Communication 5:1 ► pp. 84 ff.
Register, Norma A.
1996. Second-language learners and taboo words in American English. English Today 12:3 ► pp. 44 ff.
White, Richard B. & Mark A. Koorland
1996. Curses!: What Can We Do about Cursing?. TEACHING Exceptional Children 28:4 ► pp. 48 ff.
Bolton, Kingsley & Christopher Hutton
1995. Bad and banned language: Triad secret societies, the censorship of the Cantonese vernacular, and colonial language policy in Hong Kong. Language in Society 24:2 ► pp. 159 ff.
Powers, John H.
1995. On the intellectual structure of the human communication discipline. Communication Education 44:3 ► pp. 191 ff.
Pratt, T.K.
1994.
Geoffrey Hughes. Swearing. A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English. In the series The Language Library. Oxford: Blackwell. 1991. Pp. xii + 284. US$24.95 (hardcover).. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 39:3 ► pp. 275 ff.
2025. Literatur. In Erzählte Erregung, ► pp. 193 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 25 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.
