In:Historical Linguistics: A cognitive grammar introduction
Margaret E. Winters
[Not in series 227] 2020
► pp. 237–237
Index
Published online: 8 May 2020
https://doi.org/10.1075/z.227.ind
https://doi.org/10.1075/z.227.ind
A
- actuation97, 115, 169–83
- riddle of170
- adjectives
- new122
- post-posed demonstrative217
- adstratal41
- adverb formation133
- adverbial meaning125
- affixes18, 121–22, 127, 133, 137, 208, 218
- productive140
- African languages50
- agreement64, 86, 155
- adjectival125
- Albanian31, 42, 45, 195
- algorithm194, 208
- allophones92, 103–5, 107–10, 114
- allophonic changes105, 109
- Altaic family45
- alternations106, 136, 139, 200–202, 226
- internal204
- modern85
- ambiguities20, 71, 87, 102, 163–64
- amelioration67, 70
- American languages8, 50, 161, 211
- analogical change119, 128–34, 139, 141, 226
- analogical creation119
- analogical processes134, 150
- antecedent156, 158
- Anttila, Raimo37, 128, 174, 223
- apheresis82–83
- apocope82–84
- arbitrariness4–5, 10, 16, 20
- assimilation74, 76, 84–88, 92, 103, 106, 115, 222
- anticipatory85, 105–6, 132
- Australian aboriginal languages7, 49
- Austronesian43, 80, 112, 195, 225
- Proto31
- auxiliary124, 154, 162–63
B
- Bahasa Indonesia121
- Bahasa Malaysia19, 38, 49–50, 86, 186
- Balkan Sprachbund languages42
- Basque31, 40, 199
C
- calques49–50
- categories
- basic132, 226
- grammatical120
- mental67, 75–76, 107, 110, 213, 216
- new103, 109–10
- radial54, 103, 107, 167, 214
- categorization16, 27, 58, 97, 99, 107, 123, 128–29, 213–14, 224, 227–28
- causation15, 20, 67, 70, 79–80, 132, 171, 181, 213–30
- Celtic29, 39
- dialects39
- substrate39
- chains
- drag199
- pull79, 94
- push79, 94
- chain shifts78–80, 90
- Chinese135, 161, 226
- clause
- internal changes165
- relative158, 165, 225
- subordinate25, 145, 152–53, 163
- clitics120, 124, 159, 229
- cognates48, 124, 195–96, 200
- cognition1–2, 5, 10–11, 22, 28, 67, 149–50, 170, 213, 223, 225, 227, 229
- cognitive functions, human10, 70, 226
- Cognitive Linguistics15–16, 18, 20, 22, 47, 98, 167
- coinage18, 48, 50–51, 121, 215
- compensatory lengthening89
- complementation163–67, 191
- compounds5, 16–17, 36, 50, 54, 61
- conditioned change80–81, 94, 104, 108
- conditioning73, 77, 81, 84, 91–92, 106, 108–10, 114, 210
- conspiracy107, 114
- constructions, syntactic13, 16, 23, 26, 166, 183, 191, 216
- contact9, 24–25, 33–39, 41–44, 153, 172–73, 199, 203, 220–22
- contexts, social11, 94, 224
- corpora, historical144, 187, 190–92
- creoles42–43
- cycles37, 52–53, 149, 160–61, 219
- analytic-synthetic159
- negative219
D
- degrammaticalization126
- Dene-Yeniseian family200
- determiners123, 178
- demonstrative37
- devoicing86, 108, 194, 201–2, 204
- dialects
- earlier44
- modern83
- neighboring93
- social208
- standard134, 170
- diffusion34, 44, 172–74, 179–81
- diphthongization79, 88–90, 92–93
- directionality18, 67
- dissimilation76, 79, 84, 87–88, 90, 92
- distribution32, 109, 166
- grammatical166
- documents19, 32, 145, 186–90, 192, 207–8
- drift217
- dynamic synchrony181, 214, 229
E
- Early Modern English20–21, 78
- texts191
- Eckert, Penelope178, 183
- emergence3, 6, 20, 82, 136, 207, 219, 221
- English
- African American88–89
- American35–36, 53, 65, 83, 92, 115, 150, 173, 176, 219, 222
- British51, 58, 116
- Great Vowel Shift80, 94
- Middle13–14, 20–21, 107
- Modern21, 36, 79, 83, 88, 117, 123, 125, 137, 141, 151–52
- phonological system92, 102
- plurals129
- pronouns37, 217
- reanalysis123
- epenthesis83–84
- etymology18, 25, 47, 62, 64, 70–71, 120, 125, 130, 134, 147, 154
- euphemism53
- every word has its own history53, 70
- evidence
- synchronic89
- typological/comparative100
- written24, 33, 41, 48, 126, 162, 205–6
- evolution9, 26, 35, 70, 178, 200, 228
- extensions
- analogical133, 137
- conditioned110
- metaphoric64, 67
- extensions of meaning65, 70, 124, 174
F
- features
- implicational155
- phonemic102, 108
- phonological113, 209
- Fijian112, 195, 197
- final consonants83, 102, 104, 108, 201–2, 204–5, 216
- final position81, 91, 104–7, 109, 157, 201–2
- Finland41–42
- Finno-Ugric82
- folk etymology51, 120–21
- forms
- basic56, 132
- cognate197
- comparison of30, 165, 192
- competing215
- grammatical13–14, 23, 125, 128, 210
- new130–31, 133, 173–74
- pre-historic linguistic118
- reconstructed136, 198
- unmarked137–38
- fortitions92, 94
- French, Middle121–22
- French, Modern39, 123, 138–39, 148, 160
- French, Old17, 36, 39, 123, 138–39, 147–48, 201, 224
- French Negation147–48
- frequency20, 56, 131–32, 146, 153, 159, 180–81, 219, 221–22
- high86, 139, 219–22
- low221
- role of170, 180, 183, 220–21
- fronting106, 226
- functional load101
G
- gaps37, 111, 126, 207, 224–25
- perceived140
- genealogical model29–30, 44, 192
- genetic relationships36, 43, 153, 195, 220
- German, Modern109, 152
- German, Old High85
- Germanic
- cases164
- devoicing of obstruents108
- northern161, 199
- Proto31, 94, 109, 136, 152, 192
- Germanic tribes40–41, 88
- in England39
- glide75, 79, 89–91, 224
- grammar change149, 226
- grammaticalization124–26, 128, 159–61, 165, 218–19, 222
- partial160
- grammatical structures3, 7, 16, 18, 25, 27, 30, 158, 165, 228–29
- grammatical units5, 18, 54, 143, 225
- Great Vowel Shift78, 90, 94, 118, 199
- Greek6, 29–30, 41–42, 49, 186–88, 192, 194–96, 218
- classical195, 203
- Greenberg, Joseph28, 153, 203, 211
- Grimm’s Law136
H
- Haitian creole43
- haplology88
- Hawai’ian43, 80, 94, 112, 195, 197–98, 215, 225
- headedness158, 165
- change158
- Hebrew7–9, 27, 49, 65, 219
- heuristics194, 198, 203, 208
- Hittite31–32, 206
- homonyms11, 25–26, 102
- homophones25
- Humboldt’s Universal226–27
I
- Iberian substratum40
- Ibero-Latin34
- iconicity143, 156, 158, 165, 226–27
- implications28–29, 118, 158, 166, 228
- Indo-European
- consonant system118
- family31, 33, 45, 121, 135, 161, 217
- languages31–32, 42, 121, 132, 136, 164, 204, 206, 217, 221
- Indo-Iranian32
- influence
- stratal38, 40–41, 44
- substratal39
- super-stratal41
- inscriptions19, 39, 186
- intervocalic geminates106–7
- intervocalic position33, 84, 93, 104–5, 107, 136, 172, 179, 196–97, 201
- irregularity3, 119, 138–40, 160
- Italian dialects126, 207
- Italic40, 135–36
J
- Japanese5, 26, 28, 35, 40, 43, 153–54, 156, 158, 161, 218–19, 229
- Japanese sentence particles159
- Jones, Sir William29–30, 195
K
- Keller, Rudi70, 170–71, 178, 181, 222
- Kuryɫowicz, Jerzy131–34, 141
L
- Labov, William44, 172–74, 177, 180, 183
- Lakoff, George22, 53, 213
- Langacker, Ronald W.15, 53–54
- language change, rate of10, 167
- language family relationships24, 29, 32, 34–35, 45, 194, 199–200, 211
- language revival21
- languages
- conservative204
- daughter78, 179, 192, 194, 196–97, 220
- dead8–9, 215
- first6–9, 21, 43, 150, 174, 215
- modern88, 198, 217, 221, 225
- parent30–32, 44, 48, 71, 172, 192–94
- religious7–8, 139
- substratal39
- superstratal40
- written6, 117
- Latin
- classical6, 29, 59–60, 102, 118, 126, 155, 160, 162, 203, 206–8
- early87, 104, 203
- history of40, 87, 113, 218, 225
- Late62, 85, 89–90, 114–15, 126, 132–33, 155, 159–62, 207, 218
- Old104
- Latin-based languages39, 221
- Latin Consonants113–14
- Latin noun paradigms125, 138
- Latin rhotacism104
- Latin verbs33, 208
- Latin voices156
- Latin vowel inventory44
- Lehmann, Winfred159, 203–4, 218
- length, phonemic102
- leveling138
- lexical change2, 18, 47–71, 122, 149, 164, 167
- lexical coinage120
- lexical diffusion179–80
- lex parsimoniae193
- Lithuanian48
M
- majority rule197, 203, 205
- manuscripts187–90, 192
- markedness225
- meaning
- epistemic69–70, 227
- external67
- root69, 227
- speech act69
- mega-reconstruction211
- melioration58–60
- merger48, 101–4, 108, 110, 115, 197, 207
- partial104
- unconditioned108
- metaphors6–7, 30, 32, 55–56, 63–67, 70, 171, 174, 191
- metathesis88
- methods
- comparative30, 199–200, 206
- historical linguistics48, 117, 185
- philological188, 199, 206–7
- metonymy55–56, 66–67, 70
- minimal pairs, new106
- model
- genetic192
- wave32, 34–35, 44
- monophthongization90
- morphological change32, 117, 119–41, 193
- motivations37, 51, 115–16, 132, 177–78, 182, 224, 226
- motivations.,sound change115–16, 177
N
- nasalization85, 92
- native speaker instincts163
- native speakers7–9, 21, 48, 81, 105, 109, 144, 215, 224, 227
- naive219, 229
- negation145–49, 219
- neologisms21, 121, 128
- neutralization36
- Norse, Old36–37, 221
- North Arabic210
- Northern Cities Vowel Shift90, 94, 178
- Nostratic200
- number system39
O
- obsolescence18, 130
- Occam’s Razor193–94, 196, 200, 202, 204
- Old English (OE)14, 20, 33, 36–37, 62, 83, 86, 88, 91, 94, 106–7, 141, 151–52
P
- palatalization85, 97, 99–100, 188, 198, 209–10
- paradigmatic changes119, 137, 140
- paradigms, grammatical135
- paragoge82–83
- particles145–47, 153, 218–19, 229
- pejoration58, 60–62, 70
- perception10, 15, 17, 38, 65, 116, 165, 170, 223
- perseveration84, 86, 136
- Persian29, 49
- philology19, 29, 186–90, 192, 204, 206, 208–9
- philology and reconstruction204, 206
- phonemic categories103, 110
- phonemic change101, 105, 214
- phonetic change17, 73–97, 112, 118, 134, 150, 179, 197
- phonetic environment73, 77, 103
- phonetic innovations188
- phonetic space115
- phonological category99
- phonological change97–117, 150, 160
- phonological patterns224
- phonological space112
- phonologization105–6, 109, 113–14, 132
- phylogenetics35
- pidgins36, 42–43, 112
- PIE. See Proto-Indo-European
- plausibility194, 198, 200, 203, 206
- plurals3, 120, 123, 129, 202, 222
- polysemy26, 47, 70–71
- Portuguese7, 36, 209
- position
- initial81–82, 151, 196
- second155
- strong81
- weak81–82
- word-final104, 108, 202
- word-initial103
- postpositions29, 43, 154–55, 158, 203, 216, 218, 225
- pragmatics70, 166
- prediction of change150, 216–18, 220
- prefixes13, 18, 120–21, 137, 140
- prescriptivism81, 170
- prestige38, 169, 174–75
- covert176, 180
- productivity131
- prothesis82–83
- proto-forms197, 201–2
- Proto-Indo-European (PIE)31–32, 48, 94, 192, 194, 203–4
- Proto-Indo-European Syntax203
- prototype54–57, 99–100, 109–10, 120, 148, 186
- proto-world230
R
- radial set55, 71, 99–100, 105, 123, 167, 214
- reanalysis122–23, 143, 151, 161, 163–66
- reconstruction19, 77, 83, 86, 118, 136, 144–45, 186, 192–94, 196–99, 202–8
- comparative19, 48, 144, 155, 194–95, 200, 202, 204, 206, 208
- internal19, 186, 200, 202, 204–6, 209
- reduction53, 61, 90–91, 161, 218
- redundancy224
- reduplication50
- regularity17, 119, 129–31, 136, 138, 140, 197, 200, 222, 226–27
- regularity hypothesis193, 195–95, 202
- revitalization8–9, 21
- rhoticism105
- Romance languages
- daughters34, 114, 187
- early40, 125, 163, 188, 207, 220–21, 225
- Romanian42, 126, 207–8, 217
- Russian28, 33, 136, 201, 218
S
- salience15, 70, 100, 128, 134, 180–81, 226, 228
- Sanskrit29–30, 48, 111–12, 136, 194–95, 203
- Sapir, Edward217–18
- Saussure, Ferdinand de53–54, 144, 185–86, 206
- segments
- final87, 123
- initial98, 119
- intervening85–87, 89
- semantic change63, 67, 122, 208
- semantic comparisons199
- semantic domain174
- semantic paths18
- Semitic8, 135, 200, 210
- sentence relations134, 218, 230
- sentences, cognate203
- sentence stress203
- Serbian42
- set, semantic55–57, 67, 70, 120, 137–38, 195–97, 199, 203, 206, 214
- shortening36, 91, 93, 127–28
- simplicity measure30, 194, 197, 204
- simplification42, 175
- sister languages30, 33–35, 172, 220–21
- slang11, 38, 59–60, 174, 208
- Slavic8, 78, 218
- Old48
- social causation223–24
- sociolinguistics183
- sound change, regular32, 118, 136, 138–39, 179
- sounds, reconstructed78, 193–94, 198
- sound symbolism226
- sound system25–26, 108
- reconstructed198
- Spanish, Old84, 156
- speech
- adult219
- casual81, 88, 95
- fast81, 87–88
- formal92, 161
- teenage176
- theatrical92
- speech community, generational176–77
- split
- allophonic104
- conditioned109
- daughter languages31
- primary104
- secondary104
- Sprachbund42
- stress accent90
- stress pattern40, 136–37
- Sturtevant’s Paradox119, 138–39
- subordination143, 151, 153, 164–65
- substrata39, 41
- suffixes18, 87, 120–22, 124, 137, 140, 159, 208, 219
- superstrata41
- suprasegmentals26, 81, 89, 91, 203
- Sweetser, Eve69
- syllables40–41, 81, 84, 87–89, 99, 103–4, 138, 206
- symmetry111, 115, 224, 226
- syncope83–84, 87
- syntax change16, 18, 108, 119, 143–67, 193, 203, 216
T
- taboo11, 53, 62, 80
- texts
- earliest147, 187, 218
- handwritten188
- textual evidence191–93
- translations
- interlinear14
- literal36
- loan49, 156
- Traugott, Elizabeth67, 227
- tree model32–33, 35, 44
- Turkish41–42, 45, 86, 195
- typology99, 153, 155, 216, 218, 222
U
- umlaut85–86, 107, 109, 113, 132, 134
- unconditioned change77–78, 80
- uniformitarianism23–24, 86, 216–17, 220, 222, 230
- units
- basic119
- linguistic44, 54, 67, 78, 140, 164–65, 174, 214, 216, 227, 229
- syntactic18, 145, 165, 216
- universals16, 24–26, 28, 30
- absolute49
- syntactic203
- universal tendencies152
V
- variants93, 104, 122, 150, 173, 175–77, 179, 182
- social182
- syntactic214
- variation
- allophonic103
- conditioned103
- free173, 179, 188
- generational192
- individual116–17, 215, 217
- linguistic115
- velarization100
- verb
- irregular130–31, 137, 202
- modal126, 160, 207
- regular131, 137
- verb classes125, 141, 162, 207
- verb forms
- irregular24
- new172
- Verner’s Law136
- voice, passive161
- voiced consonants78, 86, 92–93, 107, 202, 204–5
- voiceless consonants202
- new106
- voicing contrast102–3, 115
- vowel changes85, 117, 134
- regular134
- vowel diphthongization90, 178
- vowels
- differentiated102
- long early English115
- low79, 111, 225–26
- nasalized92
- reduced117
- rounded28, 75, 85–86, 106, 109, 112–13
- umlauted132
- unrounded28, 86, 106, 113
W
- wave model34, 44, 50
- Weinreich, Uriel170, 173, 183
- West Germanic languages33, 125, 134, 204–5
- word and thing49
- word formation119
- word order
- basic28, 151, 153–58, 165, 204, 218, 220, 225–26
- English218
- fixed134, 155
- Japanese153
- word order changes146, 152, 156, 160–61, 165–66
- word order iconicity158
- word order implications158
Y
- Yiddish8, 26–27, 86, 106, 135, 157, 199, 204–5, 217
