In:A Dependency Grammar of English: An introduction and beyond
Timothy Osborne
[Not in series 224] 2019
► pp. 443–447
Subject index
Published online: 13 August 2019
https://doi.org/10.1075/z.224.si
https://doi.org/10.1075/z.224.si
A
- actant 160–161
- adjunct
1–2, 15–31, 147, 151–152, 160–162, 164, 179, 212–213, 219, 250–251, 253–254, 264, 287–291, 330, 339
- causal 17, 254
- consecutive24
- temporal 75, 222, 254, 330
- affix hopping49
- agent 1, 12–14, 139, 172, 198
- agreement
8, 67, 80, 136–140, 326
- object-verb10
- subject-verb 7, 10, 136, 309
- Ancient Sanskrit98
- answer fragments 3–5, 73, 76, 78, 80–82, 92–93, 96, 123, 127, 349–351, 355, 372, 375, 379–385, 406
- antecedent 139–140, 356–357, 360–362, 366, 369–372, 374–375, 377, 380–381, 384, 386, 390–393, 395–396, 398–399, 401, 406–7
- antecedent containment 361, 370, 375, 391, 436
- AP 38, 257, 267, 298
- Arabic grammarians99
- argument
1–2, 15–25, 28–31, 74, 76, 132–135, 143–153, 159–166, 172, 181–185, 192–195, 197–198, 212, 251, 291–292
- obligatory 22–23, 330
- optional 21–23, 124
- Aristotelian logic90
- arrows
49, 62–63, 147–148, 168, 189, 205
- arced 59, 62–63
- article, definite 149, 256, 280, 283, 403
- attributive adjective 27–29, 31, 124, 132, 135, 138, 148, 211, 255–256, 274, 276–278, 357, 359
- auxiliary
75, 125, 133–135, 139, 144, 168, 182, 190, 218, 246–248, 251–252, 369, 404, 431
- modal 175, 182, 190, 192–193
- auxiliary verb
124–125, 127, 133–134, 138–139, 143–144, 149, 154–155, 159, 190–191, 217–219, 221, 311, 368, 370, 372–373
- finite 126–127, 133
- avalent 16, 160–161
B
- backward string coordination 315–318, 320
- big mess construction (BMC) 255, 432, 437
- binarity, strict 94, 98
- binary division
43, 57, 90–94, 120
- initial 40, 49, 53, 90, 92–93
- Binding Theory 205, 431
- BMC (big mess construction) 255, 432, 437
- brackets
16, 59–63, 83, 165, 170, 197, 207, 302–3
- square 165–166, 322–323, 325
- use of 59–60
- branching
59, 65, 74, 95, 98
- binary 42, 87, 94–96
- n-ary42
- non-binary42
- strict binarity of 42, 98
- ternary119
- bridge ellipsis 404–6
- bridge verb 405–6
C
- case government
123, 140–142
- traditional 123, 140
- cases, oblique141
- category labels 37, 45
- catena 88, 106, 108–120, 130–131, 143–146, 153, 231, 270–271, 353–355, 381–382, 384–385, 388–389, 391, 403, 406
- Catena Condition 353, 381, 385
- catena ratio 113–116
- child 37, 52, 64, 106, 110–112, 141–142, 155, 157, 210–211, 372
- Chinese 245, 365
- circonstant160
- circumstant 160–162
- clause, extraposed 183, 394
- clause root 122, 125
- clauses
- main 24, 220, 419
- subject-less121
- clefting 3–5, 73, 75, 78, 80–82, 92, 96, 127, 133
- comitative24
- comparative coordination 409–410, 413–414, 416, 418, 421, 424, 426, 435
- comparative expression 265–266, 410–415
- comparative governor 412, 421, 424–425
- comparatives
407, 409–410, 412–413, 417–418, 433
- syntax of 266, 398–399, 409, 411–415, 417, 419, 421, 423–425, 437
- comparative subordination 409–411, 414, 421, 424, 426, 435
- component ratio 113–116
- concessive 23–24
- conjunct
66, 297–300, 302, 304, 307–310, 312–316, 318–319, 322–323, 325–326, 329, 331–332, 334–340, 342, 426
- gapping 308, 334–336, 351, 353, 363–365, 367–368
- left-most 302, 306
- non-initial 302, 306, 308, 312, 331–332, 334–335, 337–340, 344, 364, 369, 414
- second 306, 310, 318, 326, 332, 336, 339
- conjuncts
- large 298, 305, 312, 314–315
- small 298, 300, 312, 314–315
- constituency 33, 36, 432, 435–436
- constituent
- exocentric48
- phrasal 73–76, 78, 82
- sub-phrasal 78, 82
- constituent ratio 113–116
- constituents
- diagnostics for 2, 5, 39, 82, 92, 96, 122, 125–126, 435
- tests for 73–74, 79–80, 82, 84, 91–94, 96–97, 436
- constituent structure 3, 5, 59, 62, 79, 84, 98, 430
- content word 143, 163, 367–368
- contiguity 69, 71, 201–2
- control 175–181, 183, 186–187, 431
- control predicate 175–177, 180–182
- coordination
73, 76–78, 83–85, 92–93, 297–303, 305, 307–9, 311, 313–317, 319–320, 323, 328, 330, 409–410, 413–416
- structure of 297, 321, 323, 325, 327, 329, 331, 333, 335, 337, 339, 341, 343, 345, 347
- coordinator
6, 66, 74, 297, 299, 302–3, 305–7, 312, 323, 337, 376, 411, 414, 437
- disjunctive 364, 384–385
- copula 136, 190–191, 278
- copular 190–191, 329, 403
- co-siblings 199, 211–212, 215
D
- dative 1, 11, 13, 123, 351
- Daughter-Dependency Grammar102
- definite determiner280
- definite pronoun 214, 222, 260, 262–263
- deletion 300, 314–315, 319, 407, 430–431
- deletion mechanism 300, 305, 311–312, 314, 319, 331
- demonstrative128
- De Morgan’s Law 312, 364
- dependency
- logical 135, 162
- morphological 135–136, 140–142, 157
- one-to-one mapping of 40, 43, 46, 66
- prosodic 135–137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153–155, 157
- semantic 135–136, 143, 162
- dependency distance 103, 433
- dependency edge, dashed 116, 222, 224–225, 286
- dependency parsing 103, 433–434
- depictive 23, 179
- determiner 6, 28, 31, 124, 127–129, 132, 134–135, 138, 206–9, 211, 274, 276–278, 280, 332, 359
- determiner phraseSee DP
- diathesis161
- discontinuities
69–70, 105, 116, 199–200, 204–6, 215–218, 222–223, 225, 231–232, 243–245, 249, 257–259, 261–263, 269–271, 280
- analysis of 199, 222, 241
- ditransitive 160–161
- divalent 17, 160–161, 165, 195
- dominance 34–37, 64, 106–7, 117
- do-so-diagnostic 77, 85, 436
- do-so-substitution 73, 77–78, 85, 87, 93
- do-so-test 85, 88
- dotted vertical lines37
- DP (determiner phrase) 6, 68, 95, 127–128, 132, 157, 431
- DP-analysis 127–132
E
- edge, horizontal 322–323
- elided material 349, 352–355, 357–358, 362–363, 366, 369–372, 374–375, 377, 380–382, 384–386, 388–389, 391–392, 394–396, 398–400, 402–6
- endocentric 48–50, 54, 56, 68, 118
- equi-level 57–58, 66, 120, 303
- ergative 10, 121, 166, 169–170, 172
- ergative verb 169, 172
- existential there-constructions9
- exocentric 48–50, 53, 118
- exocentrism 48, 56, 68, 118
- experiencer 1–2, 12–13, 15
- extraposition 174, 199–200, 202, 204–5, 225, 244, 262–267, 269–270, 273–274, 277, 284, 287, 292–295, 417, 421–423
F
- FGD (Functional Generative Description) 102, 437
- finite verb
6–7, 9–10, 43, 120–122, 124–127, 133–137, 167–168, 196–197, 208–9, 217–221, 253, 285, 288–290, 293–294, 310–311
- position and uniqueness of125
- finite VP 43, 46, 77–78, 92–93, 436
- flat structures 43, 54, 61, 94, 96, 98, 216, 304
- focus, contrastive 252, 266
- focus particle 210–211
- fronting 74, 208, 252, 256–257, 277, 280, 283–285, 290, 382, 412, 420–421
- function, predicative17
- Functional Generative Description (FGD) 102, 437
- function word 143, 149, 196, 431
- Funktionsverbegefüge193
G
- gapping 308–312, 315, 317–320, 322, 331, 334–340, 344, 349–350, 361–369, 372, 375, 377–379, 433, 435, 438
- gapping coordination 307–310, 312, 315, 317, 319, 337, 345
- genitive 123, 142
- German 100–101
- Germanic languages 33, 272
- gerund 167, 285, 287, 294
- government
- definition of 123–124, 133
- direction of 19, 124–125, 142
- governor 110–112, 123–125, 132, 134, 147, 202–5, 222–225, 229–231, 244–245, 261–264, 270–271, 275–276, 279, 405, 422–423
- grammatical relations 1–2, 7–8, 11–12, 23, 271, 432
H
- headedness 68–69, 436
- hierarchical order 64, 69, 200–201
- homophony94
- horizontal axis57
- horizontal connector 322–323, 332
- horizontal dimension 35, 157, 402
I
- Icelandic141
- idiom 105, 130–131, 151, 435
- idiom selector149
- impersonal passive121
- indentations convention64
- infinite regress 361, 373–375, 391
- infinitive
167, 208–9, 294, 299, 431, 438
- bare 176, 192
- instrumental 1, 24
- interdependency135
- interrogative clause 292, 386–387, 404
- intransitive 139, 160–161, 172
- inversion
199, 206, 216–222, 245–246, 248–253, 262, 280
- conditional 218, 220
- directive 218, 221–222
- interrogative218
- locative 218, 221
- negative 218, 220
- polar 218–219
- quotative 218, 221
- island
244–245, 269, 271, 273–279, 281, 283–293, 295
- adjunct 269, 287, 292
- left branch 269, 274–275, 277–278, 280
- NP 269, 280
- right roof 269, 293
- subject 269, 284
- wh- 269, 290–292
- island repair 387, 404
- it-cleft 394, 427
- it-extraposition 173, 394
J
- Japanese syntax427
L
- Latin 106, 123
- LEESee left edge ellipsis
- left edge ellipsis (LEE) 105, 349–350, 379, 384, 401–3, 406
- light verb 145, 159, 190, 193–194
- light verb construction 193–194
- linearization procedure36
- linear order 36, 69, 200, 211
M
- mapping
- one-to-one 37, 65, 67
- one-to-one-or-more 37, 42–43, 65–67
- word-to-groupings-of-words69
- word-to-node 37, 66
- Meaning-Text TheorySee MTT
- Merge36
- minimalism 43, 303, 436
- Minimalist Program 127, 430
- Modistic grammarians99
- monovalent 17, 160–161, 165
- morphological case 9–10, 13, 123, 142, 166, 350–351
- movement
71, 205, 221, 293, 431
- metaphorical13
- MTT (Meaning-Text Theory) 36, 102, 224, 301–2
N
- NCA (null complement anaphora) 349–350, 372, 375, 379, 384, 391–398
- negation 258–259, 312, 337, 351–352, 356–357, 362, 364, 366–369, 372, 377, 384, 386, 391, 398–399, 401
- nodes 37, 39–45, 53, 55, 58–59, 65–69, 72, 80, 88, 90, 108, 304
- nominative 10–11, 235, 351
- non-constituent conjuncts 300, 313–315, 319
- NP
25–29, 31, 47–49, 88, 127–128, 131–132, 251–253, 255–257, 266–267, 280–281, 283–284, 304, 329, 344–345, 392–393
- definite 280–281, 283–284
- indefinite 229, 256, 280–281
- NP analysis 25, 132
- NP-ellipsis 349–350, 357–361
- NP-internal fronting 225–226, 231, 243–244, 255–259, 263, 277
- nucleus111
- dissociated144
- null complement anaphoraSee NCA
- null material 350, 352–353, 357–358, 360, 367, 394, 396–397
O
- object
1–2, 7–10, 12–13, 97–98, 170–172, 175, 177–179, 181–182, 184–185, 187, 250, 272–274, 327, 405, 425
- missing 186–187, 189, 404
- of-PP27
- omission 18–23, 26, 124–125, 129
- one-substitution 73, 78, 88
P
- parasitism 404, 406
- participle
- past/passive167
- progressive167
- particle
6, 23, 166, 208–9, 215, 337, 370
- additive 336, 416
- passive-active alternation12
- patient 1–2, 12–13, 172, 412
- PDT (Prague Dependency Treebank)103
- PFC (Principle of Full Clusivity) 342–343, 345–348
- phrasal verb 208–9, 215
- phrases 1–3, 6–7, 23–24, 39, 68–69, 107–9, 155, 157, 165–166, 178, 221, 280, 415, 424, 430
- phrase structure
33–37, 39–47, 49–59, 61–69, 71–73, 79–80, 82, 91–93, 98–104, 115, 117–120, 201–2, 301–6, 319, 321–323
- one-to-one-or-more mapping of 40–41, 43
- phrase structure tree 37, 39–45, 47, 80–81, 83, 92
- pied-piping 276–277, 279–280, 386
- Port-Royal91
- possessive 6, 128, 130, 280, 358–359
- possessive determiner 129, 131, 357–358
- possessive pronoun 128–129, 358
- postcedent 356, 362, 366, 369, 371–372, 377, 395, 401, 404
- Prague Dependency Treebank (PDT)103
- precedence 34–36, 107
- predicate
- complex 143, 181, 194
- divalent195
- embedded 175, 178, 181, 185, 279
- psychological13
- second-order 28–31
- single143
- predicate calculus16
- predicate logic 16, 18, 21, 165
- predicates
1–2, 15–19, 21, 25–26, 28–31, 40, 91, 132–136, 143–149, 151–154, 161–164, 173–175, 181–183, 192–197, 391–393
- canonical17
- predicate VP 43, 48
- predication 24, 31, 151–154, 179
- preposition, shared 345, 348
- preposition stranding 172, 189, 272, 348, 388
- Principle of Full ClusivitySee PFC
- pro-adjective3
- pro-adverb3
- proform substitution 3–5, 73, 76, 78, 80–82, 85, 92, 96, 127, 133
- projection
- highest 51–52, 82
- lower 50–51, 55
- maximal 50, 53, 82
- non-maximal55
- projection line 37, 44, 203, 249
- projectivity 69, 199, 203–4, 206, 224, 229, 233
- projectivity violation 69, 204–6, 215, 224, 233
- pronoun
- reflexive 161, 350–351
- relative 228–229, 249, 279
- pro-verb 3, 5, 373
- pseudocleft427
- pseudoclefting 3–5, 73, 75, 78, 80–82, 92, 96, 127, 133
- pseudogapping 349–350, 355, 362, 364, 375–379, 384, 396, 409, 438
- pseudopassive 171–172, 189
- p-stranding 272–274, 280, 287
- purpose clause/phrase178
Q
- quantifier 31, 128, 211, 357, 359
- question, direct 227, 238–239, 248, 387
R
- raising
175, 181–187, 436
- subject-to-object183
- subject-to-subject182
- verb 159, 163–164, 194
- raising expression 175, 178, 181–184
- raising predicates 183–184, 187
- recessive161
- recipient 13–14
- Reed-Kellogg diagrams 57–58, 99
- reflexive 161, 164
- relative clause
- free 238, 423
- standard238
- relative proforms 225, 229, 238
- remnant 308, 337, 352–357, 360, 362–364, 366–369, 371, 375, 377, 380–384, 386, 388, 391–392, 400, 406–7
- RES (Restriction on External Sharing)342
- Restriction on External Sharing (RES)342
- right node raising (RNR) 314–315
- Right Roof Constraint293
- risen catena 224–227, 229–231, 258, 263, 270–271, 273, 277–278, 286, 397
- rising catena 205, 224–225, 250, 270–271, 273, 277, 280–281, 283, 286–287, 289–291, 293–295, 394–397, 406
- Rising Principle 230–231, 258
- RNR (right node raising) 314–315
- root
6, 43–44, 110–111, 121–122, 125–127, 229–231, 240–241, 277–278, 292, 294–295, 322–324, 332–334, 338, 340, 342
- conjunct 332, 342–343, 346
- single 334, 336–337, 340
- root node 40–41, 48, 72, 82
- roots, multiple334
- Russian 5, 102, 122, 129, 249, 347–348, 434
S
- Saxon genitive 154–155, 157
- Scandinavian languages 272–273
- scope 30, 212, 259, 312, 338–339
- scrambling 199, 244, 259–262, 277, 280, 284
- selectee 110, 112, 132, 134, 136, 151
- selection 127, 132–134, 136, 140–141, 143–144, 146–149
- selector 106, 110, 112, 132, 134, 136, 143, 149–151
- semantic role 1–2, 12–14, 23, 172, 279, 285
- semantic valency 72, 163–164
- sentence, subject-less121
- sentence diagram 57, 99–100
- shared material 307–9, 314–316, 319, 325, 340, 342
- shift, heavy constituent 96–98, 214
- shifting 98, 199, 206, 212–216, 222, 274, 424
- Simpler Syntax43
- sloppy identity 356–357, 360, 362, 365–366, 369–370, 375, 380–381, 384, 386, 389–393, 398–399, 401
- sluicing 105, 349–350, 372, 375, 379, 384–390, 396, 404, 406
- specificational copular sentence427
- specificity 281, 283–284, 295
- stemma 69, 200, 350
- strikethrough 308, 350, 357
- string coordination 298, 302, 307–312, 315, 317–320, 343, 345, 425–426
- strings, bracketed85
- stripping 334, 336–337, 349–350, 355, 362, 364–366, 368–369, 372, 375, 377, 379, 384, 396, 409, 415–416
- Structural Parallelism Requirement 333–334, 337–339
- subcategorization 350, 352
- subject-auxiliary inversion 9, 216–221, 235–236, 245–247, 251
- subject NP 43, 48, 133–134, 259, 264, 389, 422
- subject-predicate division
48–49, 90–91, 99
- binary 47, 65, 91
- subject-verb inversion 218, 221–222, 246, 248, 253
- subordination 297, 319, 409–410, 412, 415
- subordinator 6, 17, 28, 30, 135, 161, 166, 190, 194–196, 208–210, 220, 228, 239–241, 278–279, 376
- sub-phrasal strings 73–76
- subscript 116, 165–166, 181, 183, 190, 192, 194, 222
- substitution 19–22
- subtree
53, 108
- complete 40–41, 66, 107–9, 111, 126
- suffix 155, 157, 411
- Superiority 249–250
- superlative 410–411
- syntactic category 166, 190, 192, 207, 210, 269, 271, 298, 319, 325, 329–330, 411, 429
- syntactic valency 72, 162–165, 190
T
- tectogrammatical layer103
- tense 167, 356, 362, 364–365, 381
- than-clause 400, 417–418, 425
- than-phrase 415–417
- than-string
409–410, 412, 414, 416–422, 424
- clause-final 416–417
- phrasal 416–417, 423
- that-clause 234–235, 326
- theme 2, 12–15, 172, 198, 285
- to-infinitive 174, 176, 179, 189
- topicalization 3–5, 73–75, 78, 80–82, 92, 96, 199–200, 204–5, 233–234, 243–244, 250–254, 262–263, 269–270, 284–288, 291–292
- TP 68, 95
- trace 278–279
- transformational grammar 182, 434, 436
- transitive 160–161, 172, 187
- trimming 404–6
- trivalent 17, 160–161, 165
U
- unaccusative139
- unary branching65
- uni-directional35
- Universal Dependencies 103, 435
- up-arrow 167–168
V
- valency 101, 159–161, 163–165, 167, 169–171, 173, 175–177, 179, 181, 183–185, 187, 189–191, 193–198, 324, 429
- valency frame 72, 165–170, 172, 174, 177–179, 181, 183, 189–198
- valent
161, 164–167, 170–171, 174–176, 178–179, 181–186, 190, 192–195, 198
- adjectival 166, 191
- adverbial 166, 191
- bare infinitive 166, 176
- clausal 173–174, 182, 190, 196
- prepositional166
- present participle 166, 176
- second 191–192
- subordinator166
- to-infinitive 176, 182
- verbal 166, 175–177
- verb
- control 159, 163, 176, 181, 184, 194
- divalent161
- function 150, 159, 190, 197
- lexical 149–150
- modal 192–193
- monovalent161
- strong94
- transitive 187, 351
- trivalent 161, 165
- unergative121
- verb centrality 33, 65, 100, 102, 121
- vertical axis57
- vertical dimension 35, 157
- VF principle239
- voice
104, 167, 182, 372
- active
- passive 190–191
- VP
28, 39, 43–44, 48–49, 66, 68, 77, 85, 87–88, 94–95, 118, 129, 298, 327, 373
- layered85
- left-branching 85, 95
- VP constituent
55, 85
- finite 43, 46, 55, 74, 93
- VP-ellipsis 9, 124, 195, 349–350, 357, 361–362, 364, 369–373, 375, 377–379, 384, 390, 396, 409
W
- weight 199, 215, 435
- wh-adjunct23
- wh-coordination23
- wh-expression 249–250, 280, 290–292, 295, 330
- wh-fronting 199–200, 204–5, 219, 225, 231, 236, 243–245, 250, 269–270, 277–278, 281, 283–285, 287–292, 404, 406
- wh-inversion 218–219
- wh-objects23
- wh-word 225, 235, 249, 279–280, 291, 385, 387
- Word Grammar 68, 102, 432
- word order
69, 199–203, 205–207, 209–211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 239–241, 260
- normal 199, 213
X
- x-axis35
- X-bar Theory49
Y
- y-axis35
