In:A History of the English Language: Revised edition
Elly van Gelderen
[Not in series 183] 2014
► pp. 335–338
Index
A
- Academy 9, 18, 183, 227
- accusative 27–30, 32, 42–44, 59–60, 64–65, 78, 125–126, 128, 138, 170, 213, 220, 261, 300, 304
- acquisition 284–285
- acrolect271
- adjective 25, 30, 62–63, 66–67, 76, 128, 133, 173–174, 180, 217, 237, 270, 308, 311–312
- adverb 30, 74, 78, 129, 134, 136, 217, 237, 262, 308, 311–312
- Ælfric 17, 51
- affix 174, 286
- affricate 24, 31, 58, 124, 260, 298
- African American English 211–212, 215, 218, 259, 271
- Afrikaans 253, 263, 267
- Afroasiatic 33, 36, 46
- agreement (verbal) 29, 144, 173, 178, 194, 215, 261–262, 274, 309
- Alfred 28, 32, 51–52, 59, 74–76, 82, 86, 102, 195, 209, 316
- alliteration 55, 58, 81, 124–125, 236, 292
- alphabet(ic)37
- alveolar 23–25, 58, 124, 214, 259, 292, 296, 298, 308–309
- alveo-palatal 23–24, 58, 124, 259
- analytic 6, 26–27, 30, 38, 43–44, 60, 63, 67–69, 71, 81, 113, 131–132, 134, 144, 159, 170, 173–174, 187, 193–194, 213, 217–220, 229, 251, 261, 264–266, 272, 276, 283–284, 286–287
- Anglia 79, 107, 212, 215, 316
- Anglo-Norman 19, 311–312
- antecedent 214–215
- article 32, 34, 63, 76, 114, 128, 132, 167, 191, 281, 309
- aspect xii, 78, 132, 175, 263, 266, 272, 293, 303
- aspiration 41, 47
- assimilation 25, 30, 58, 123, 297
- Australia 34–35, 252, 255, 259, 261, 267–268, 318
- Australian English 258–259
- authorship ix, 159, 176, 190–191, 193–195, 294
- auxiliary 30, 73, 79, 97, 133–135, 137, 218–219, 262, 264, 273, 286
B
- Bangladesh 252, 257, 259
- Barbados 252, 317
- basilect271
- Basque 26, 40, 96, 181, 275, 294
- Bede 13, 81–82, 85, 98, 316
- Beowulf 29, 51–53, 60–62, 64, 66, 69–73, 80, 82, 132, 290, 292
- Bible 18, 52, 162, 317
- Boethius 52, 117, 178, 194–195
- breaking 55–56, 58, 80–81, 98, 201, 300, 302
- British East India Company252
C
- Caedmon’s Hymn 5, 51, 55–57, 72, 80, 82, 85–86, 131, 305
- Canadian English 257–258, 260
- Canadian Raising 23, 260
- cant 190, 226, 230
- capitalization 121, 177
- Caxton 18, 119–121, 159, 162, 317
- Celtic 1–2, 10–11, 39, 45, 51, 61, 95–99, 102–103, 107–108, 111–113, 294, 301–302, 313, 315, 318
- Chaucer 103, 116–117, 119, 121–122, 126, 128–130, 132–136, 139, 144–148, 156, 162, 194–196, 295, 305, 310, 314
- China 37, 254–255, 318
- Chinese 1, 6–7, 37, 181, 253, 263, 266, 268, 270–272, 274, 288, 310, 313
- Chinese Pidgin English 271–272
- Chinook Jargon272
- code switching 235, 267, 270, 310
- coining179
- collective noun262
- colloquial 7, 137, 215, 231, 235, 261, 286, 308
- comparative method 38, 44, 47–49
- complementizer 8, 30, 128, 213, 219, 286, 293
- compositor 160, 191, 193–194
- compound 110, 177, 267, 300
- concordance 289, 293
- conjunction 223, 312
- contraction xvii, 76, 192–193, 214, 306
- convergence 114, 260, 284
- corpus (corpora) 53, 209–210, 218, 220, 227, 236, 255, 268, 274, 289–290, 293, 308
- Coverdale162
- count noun 16, 72, 83, 130, 262, 266, 272, 309
- creole 111, 113, 261, 264, 270–274, 277, 280
- Cursor Mundi 104, 116–117, 119, 126, 135, 142, 144
D
- Danelaw 102, 130, 316
- dative 28–30, 32, 42–43, 59, 62, 64–65, 71, 75, 125–126, 128, 134, 138, 170, 174–175, 220, 303
- demonstrative 62–66, 106, 126, 132, 222–223
- dental 23–24, 31, 58, 124, 258, 296
- derivational 26–27, 30, 105, 112, 114, 139, 228, 283
- determiner 30, 220
- devoicing 25, 40, 47
- dictionary 4, 19, 49, 53, 66, 82, 138, 180–181, 186–187, 190, 208, 210, 219, 226–231, 235–236, 255, 258, 267–268, 273, 280, 289, 293–295, 313
- diglossia275
- dissimilation 25, 30
- divergence 34, 260, 267, 276, 284
- doublespeak 3, 27
- diversity 274–275
- Dravidian 36, 46–47
- dual 44, 60–61, 90, 125, 127
- Dutch 17–19, 25–26, 40, 66, 72–73, 79, 82, 95, 104, 107, 130, 167, 175, 225, 266, 268, 295
E
- East Anglia 79, 107, 212, 215, 316
- East Midlands 117, 128, 141, 308
- editorial 190–191, 194, 278
- Egyptian 37–38
- EIL 251, 290
- ELF 251, 274
- Elizabeth I 162–163, 175, 178, 195–196, 317
- endangered 251, 275–276
- Enlightenment 207–208, 224, 236, 318
- epenthesis 25, 30, 260, 273, 276, 309
- Essex 79, 150, 215, 274, 315
- Estuary English 232–233
- etymological respelling 18, 168, 178, 194
- euphemism19
- European English264
- Exeter Book 52, 88–89, 92, 289
- expanding circle 255, 293
- external change 7–9, 12, 55, 113
F
- facsimile 52–53, 64, 82–84, 88–89, 91–93, 117–119, 151, 153, 163–164, 202, 292, 299
- feminine 44, 62–66, 76, 78, 125–126, 141, 214
- folio 18, 160–161, 163, 173, 179, 190, 194, 196, 230
- frication 25, 40, 45, 47
- fricative 23–25, 31, 41–42, 53, 56–58, 122, 124, 141–143, 211, 235, 258–259, 295–296, 298, 308–309
G
- Gawain 116–117, 119, 124–127, 131, 137–138, 144, 151, 153–154
- gender 44, 62, 64–66, 76, 100, 128, 131–132, 194, 207, 288, 294
- genes 36, 95–96
- genetic 33–36, 95–96, 262, 287
- genitive 28–30, 42–43, 59, 61, 65, 71, 128, 171, 213, 220
- German 17–18, 21, 27, 29, 32, 42, 44, 53, 66, 72–73, 82, 104, 107, 130, 162, 175, 253, 265–266, 268, 288
- glide 24, 58, 78, 122, 124
- grammaticalization 30, 59–60, 79, 132, 138, 145, 170, 178, 219, 285–286, 293
- Great Vowel Shift 12, 18, 22, 30, 41, 57, 67, 115, 121, 159, 166–167, 283, 293
- Greek 11, 38–39, 41–42, 44–45, 55, 108, 112, 159, 179, 181, 283, 292, 298, 306
- Grimm’s Law 24–25, 39–42, 44, 47–48, 98, 298
- Gullah 218, 264, 271
H
- Harappa 46–47
- h-deletion ix, 211
- Hindi 1, 38, 43, 224, 252, 267, 274, 310
- homo sapiens 33–34
- Hopi 36, 288
- hybrid 105, 113–114, 181, 302
- hypercorrection 211, 217, 308
I
- imitation 109–110, 128, 284
- imperative 67–69, 129
- India 17, 36, 38, 46, 252–255, 257, 259, 262, 264, 266, 274, 317–319
- Indian English 207, 253, 255, 260, 262–263, 265, 276
- indigenous languages xviii, 267
- Indo-European 33, 36–40, 42, 44, 46–47, 49, 65–66, 69, 95, 125, 294, 297
- Industrial revolution 209, 224, 228, 318
- infinitive 59, 135, 141, 216, 223, 264–265
- inflection 29, 47, 67, 97, 178, 222–223, 266, 272, 293
- inflectional 27, 29–30, 42, 44, 112
- -ing 97, 102, 103, 134, 139, 141, 212, 219
- inkhorn 9, 179–181
- innate 284, 287
- inner circle255
- innovation 126, 171, 272
- interdental 211, 258–259, 274, 308–309
- internal change 7–8, 12, 55, 283
- intrusive [r]212
- Ireland 2, 11, 51, 252, 255, 258–260, 316–317
- Irish 2, 15, 53, 97, 189, 211–212, 261, 263, 275, 299, 302, 318–319
- inversion262
- irregular 15–17, 19, 30, 69, 215, 228, 261
- Italian 36, 44–45, 49, 107, 175, 181, 227, 244, 275, 288, 298
J
- Jamaican Creole 272, 274
- Japanese 5–6, 26, 36, 38, 47, 110, 268
- Jamaican Creole 272, 274
- jargon 7, 110, 190, 232, 235–236, 272
- Jespersen’s Cycle137
K
- Kachru’s circles256
- Kent 10, 18, 79, 96, 98, 142, 311, 315–316
- Kenya 252, 257, 274, 276, 319
- Kenyan 7, 207, 209, 260, 284
- KJV xv, 162, 170–171, 173–174, 176, 181, 317
- Korean 5, 36, 47, 264, 270, 310, 319
L
- labial 23–24, 58, 124, 298
- labio-dental 258, 296
- LALME 126, 141, 290
- latinate 7, 109–110, 139, 191–192, 216, 227
- Layamon 117–119, 122, 124, 126–128, 134–136, 144, 147–149, 304
- Lindisfarne 52, 63, 290, 316
- linking [r] 212, 217
- lingua franca 251, 253, 270, 274–275
- liquid 23–24, 58, 123–124, 260
- literacy ix, 159–162, 194
- loan 9, 13, 19, 61, 77, 96, 98–99, 102, 106–107, 109, 112–113, 225, 229, 268, 278–279, 298, 302, 306, 311–312, 314
- logographic 37, 47
- Lumbee268
- -ly 67, 129, 139, 174, 216, 223, 237, 302, 305, 306, 308
M
- malaprop182
- Malay 1, 263, 268
- Malaysian English 264–265
- manner of articulation 23, 259–260
- marked sound 258–259
- masculine xv, 59–60, 62–66, 76, 100, 214, 261
- maven 227, 231–232
- Mercia(n) 51–52, 63, 73, 79–80
- mesolect271
- metaphorical extension 78–79
- metathesis 25–26, 30, 40, 273, 297, 299, 308
- Midlands 17–18, 103, 117, 124, 128, 134, 137, 141–144, 304, 308
- modal 68–69, 173, 216, 218–219, 286
- mood 67–68, 74, 77–78, 175, 220, 223, 247, 266, 272
N
- narrowing 78–79, 81–82, 299
- nasal 23–25, 31, 58, 80, 123–124, 212, 260, 273, 296–297, 305, 308
- Navajo 5–6, 36, 260, 275, 288
- Navajo English260
- Ndjuka272
- Neanderthal34
- negative 8, 74, 136–137, 176, 214, 217, 223, 262, 265–266, 286, 302, 308
- neologism 179, 182
- neuter 62, 64–66, 76, 171
- New Zealand 255, 257, 259, 266–267, 318–319
- New Zealand English 259, 266
- Newton 163, 202, 208, 306
- Nigeria 252, 257, 263, 274–275, 279–280, 318–319
- Nigerian English263
- Nigerian Pidgin English262
- nominative 27–30, 42–43, 59–65, 71, 73, 75, 126, 128, 134, 170, 213, 220, 223, 261, 300, 303–304
- Norman French 106, 113, 312
- Northern Cities Shift23
- Northumbria(n) 51–52, 57, 63, 79–80, 85, 97, 103, 316
- Norwegian 100, 102, 180, 275, 301
- Nostratic 36, 45–47, 49, 225
O
- object 6, 26–29, 59–60, 63, 71, 132, 137, 177, 219, 222–223, 229, 242–243, 261–263, 272, 285, 288, 297–298, 303, 305, 307
- Ogden 110, 181, 227
- Orosius 32, 51–52, 74–75, 82, 86–87
- Orwell 109–110, 114, 227, 234, 289
- Orwell’s problem 110, 289
- outer circle255
- OV 76, 133, 210, 288, 303
P
- Pakistan 46, 252, 257, 259, 278–279, 319
- Pakistani English253
- palatal 23–24, 58, 122, 124, 259, 298
- palatalization 25, 45, 55–56, 58, 81, 100, 104, 123, 138, 141, 143, 259, 298–300, 303, 305
- parameters285
- passive 78, 218–219
- past participle 67–68, 129–130, 141, 304
- Paston Letters 106, 116–117, 158, 176, 286, 310
- perfect 19, 78, 163, 175, 218–219, 223, 264, 306
- Peterborough Chronicle 83–84, 104, 117, 130, 132–133, 136
- phonetic 15–16, 19–20, 26, 30, 37–38, 40, 44–45, 47, 53, 183, 288–289, 295
- pidgin 111, 260, 262, 270–274, 309
- Piers Plowman 116–117, 124–125, 147, 149
- place name 96–97, 99, 102, 123, 267, 293, 302
- place of articulation 23–25, 259
- Plato’s problem 284, 289
- pleonastic 73, 131, 134, 138, 303
- Portuguese 25, 44–45, 181, 253, 268
- positive anymore 265, 267
- preposition 8–9, 28–30, 59, 63, 73, 75, 104, 135, 141, 174, 177, 180, 219, 221–223, 272, 286, 293, 295, 299, 312
- preposition stranding 177, 222
- prescriptive 8–9, 12, 170, 173, 176–178, 183, 187, 210, 213, 217–218, 220–222, 227–228, 230–232, 234, 236, 283, 285, 290
- present participle 103, 141, 223, 264, 304
- printing 12, 18, 115, 119, 159, 161–162, 183, 317
- progressive 97, 218–219, 263–264, 272–273, 280, 303
- pronoun doubling262
- pronoun drop 212, 218, 262–263, 266
- proto-language 35, 44, 47
- Puerto Rican English207
- pun 168, 190
- punctuation 53, 121, 165, 177–178, 194–195, 218, 222–223, 234, 237, 306
Q
- quarto 161, 163, 168, 194
- quire160
R
- reconstruction 33, 36, 44–46
- reflexive 62–63, 104, 127, 171, 178, 214, 233, 261, 304–305
- register 7, 182, 188, 190, 207, 232, 234–235
- relative (pronoun) 128, 136, 138, 221, 262, 306
- relativity 224, 283, 288
- Renaissance 2, 11, 98, 108, 119, 123, 159, 162, 179, 194, 207, 316–317
- Riddles 51–52, 77, 88, 139
- Romanticism 208, 236, 318
- RP 212, 229, 232, 259
- runic 51, 53–54, 59, 290, 299
S
- Sami 32, 36, 75
- Sanskrit 38–39, 41–44, 48–49, 298
- Sapir-Whorf 283, 288–289
- Scandinavian 1, 4, 11, 56, 95, 97, 100–104, 107–108, 111–113, 115, 126, 138, 154, 234, 275, 283, 294, 302, 316
- Scotland 2, 10, 25, 211–212, 252, 259–260, 315, 318
- Scottish English 2, 26, 189, 211, 218, 221, 259, 261, 295
- Shakespeare 18, 96, 110, 126, 160–163, 165–169, 171–173, 175–177, 180–182, 188, 190–193, 195–196, 221, 230, 293, 306, 313
- signature 160, 194, 196, 305
- Singapore 207, 252, 255, 257, 261–264, 266, 310, 318
- Singaporean 266, 284
- slang 7, 190, 225–226, 235–236
- South Africa 252–253, 255, 257, 260, 267, 318–319
- South African English xviii, 7, 255, 259–260, 263
- South African Indian English 207, 263
- South Asian English 207, 253, 259, 276, 278
- Spanish 1, 5–6, 18–19, 42, 44–45, 49, 104, 107, 112, 121, 181, 227, 260–261, 267–268, 270, 274, 288, 298, 302, 310
- spelling pronunciation 19, 123
- spelling reform 17, 31, 210, 290, 296
- split infinitive 8–9, 69, 135, 228, 236
- Sranan273
- standardization 17–18, 30, 207, 227
- stop 8, 13, 23–25, 31, 41–42, 45, 58, 114, 123–124, 157, 211, 227, 233, 242, 248–249, 259, 275, 295–296, 298, 308–309
- stress 8, 125, 169, 212, 257, 260, 284, 286, 296
- strong verb 67, 129, 174, 216, 303
- subjunctive 67–69, 75, 129, 173, 216, 223, 265
- substratum 272–273
- superlative 67, 76, 131–132, 193, 217, 223
- superstratum272
- suppletion69
S
- syllabic 37–38, 47
- synthetic 6, 26–27, 30, 33, 38, 43–44, 51, 59–60, 67–68, 71, 73, 76, 81, 115, 131–132, 138, 145, 180, 193, 218, 220, 283–284, 286–287
T
- tag question 265–266, 294
- Tanzanian English261
- tense 17, 59, 67–69, 71, 75, 103, 129–130, 132, 141, 146, 175, 215, 222–223, 233–234, 261, 266, 272–273, 284, 288, 303–304
- thou 41, 91, 125–126, 129, 146, 170–173, 175, 178, 182, 188, 196, 214, 261, 292, 303, 305
- topic-drop218
U
- Universal Grammar 229, 284–287
- unmarked258
- Urdu 38, 43, 267
V
- variants 18, 26, 34, 62, 124–125, 168, 210–211, 236
- velar 23–25, 31, 53, 56–58, 122, 124, 141, 212, 258–259, 295–296, 305, 308
- velar nasal 31, 58, 124, 212, 305, 308
- verbal agreement 29, 144, 173, 178, 194, 215, 261–262, 274, 309
- verb-fronting 23, 55–58, 81, 98, 141, 218, 298
- verb-second 72, 300
- VO 288, 303
- voicing 23, 30, 46, 55–56, 58, 81, 141, 258, 260, 300, 303
W
- Wessex 79, 315
- West African English279
- West African Pidgin 260, 309
- West Midlands 117, 124, 134, 141, 144, 304
- West Saxon 52, 56, 74–75, 80, 97
- wh-question 72, 133, 262
- wh-relative222
- widening 78–79, 81–82, 238, 273, 299, 309
- World English(es) 251, 255, 259, 261, 266–267, 276, 290
- writing system 15, 37, 46, 115
Y
- yes/no question 133, 175
- Yiddish 209, 259, 268, 310
- you all 214, 287
Z
- Zimbabwe257
