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In:A History of the English Language: Revised edition
Elly van Gelderen
[Not in series 183] 2014
► pp. 335–338

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Index

A

  • Academy 9, 18, 183, 227
  • accusative 27–30, 32, 42–44, 59–60, 64–65, 78, 125–126, 128, 138, 170, 213, 220, 261, 300, 304
  • acquisition 284–285
  • acrolect271
  • adjective 25, 30, 62–63, 66–67, 76, 128, 133, 173–174, 180, 217, 237, 270, 308, 311–312
  • adverb 30, 74, 78, 129, 134, 136, 217, 237, 262, 308, 311–312
  • Ælfric 17, 51
  • affix 174, 286
  • affricate 24, 31, 58, 124, 260, 298
  • African American English 211–212, 215, 218, 259, 271
  • Afrikaans 253, 263, 267
  • Afroasiatic 33, 36, 46
  • agreement (verbal) 29, 144, 173, 178, 194, 215, 261–262, 274, 309
  • Alfred 28, 32, 51–52, 59, 74–76, 82, 86, 102, 195, 209, 316
  • alliteration 55, 58, 81, 124–125, 236, 292
  • alphabet(ic)37
  • alveolar 23–25, 58, 124, 214, 259, 292, 296, 298, 308–309
  • alveo-palatal 23–24, 58, 124, 259
  • analytic 6, 26–27, 30, 38, 43–44, 60, 63, 67–69, 71, 81, 113, 131–132, 134, 144, 159, 170, 173–174, 187, 193–194, 213, 217–220, 229, 251, 261, 264–266, 272, 276, 283–284, 286–287
  • Anglia 79, 107, 212, 215, 316
  • Anglo-Norman 19, 311–312
  • antecedent 214–215
  • article 32, 34, 63, 76, 114, 128, 132, 167, 191, 281, 309
  • aspect xii, 78, 132, 175, 263, 266, 272, 293, 303
  • aspiration 41, 47
  • assimilation 25, 30, 58, 123, 297
  • Australia 34–35, 252, 255, 259, 261, 267–268, 318
  • Australian English 258–259
  • authorship ix, 159, 176, 190–191, 193–195, 294
  • auxiliary 30, 73, 79, 97, 133–135, 137, 218–219, 262, 264, 273, 286

B

  • Bangladesh 252, 257, 259
  • Barbados 252, 317
  • basilect271
  • Basque 26, 40, 96, 181, 275, 294
  • Bede 13, 81–82, 85, 98, 316
  • Beowulf 29, 51–53, 60–62, 64, 66, 69–73, 80, 82, 132, 290, 292
  • Bible 18, 52, 162, 317
  • Boethius 52, 117, 178, 194–195
  • breaking 55–56, 58, 80–81, 98, 201, 300, 302
  • British East India Company252

C

  • Caedmon’s Hymn 5, 51, 55–57, 72, 80, 82, 85–86, 131, 305
  • Canadian English 257–258, 260
  • Canadian Raising 23, 260
  • cant 190, 226, 230
  • capitalization 121, 177
  • Caxton 18, 119–121, 159, 162, 317
  • Celtic 1–2, 10–11, 39, 45, 51, 61, 95–99, 102–103, 107–108, 111–113, 294, 301–302, 313, 315, 318
  • Chaucer 103, 116–117, 119, 121–122, 126, 128–130, 132–136, 139, 144–148, 156, 162, 194–196, 295, 305, 310, 314
  • China 37, 254–255, 318
  • Chinese 1, 6–7, 37, 181, 253, 263, 266, 268, 270–272, 274, 288, 310, 313
  • Chinese Pidgin English 271–272
  • Chinook Jargon272
  • code switching 235, 267, 270, 310
  • coining179
  • collective noun262
  • colloquial 7, 137, 215, 231, 235, 261, 286, 308
  • comparative method 38, 44, 47–49
  • complementizer 8, 30, 128, 213, 219, 286, 293
  • compositor 160, 191, 193–194
  • compound 110, 177, 267, 300
  • concordance 289, 293
  • conjunction 223, 312
  • contraction xvii, 76, 192–193, 214, 306
  • convergence 114, 260, 284
  • corpus (corpora) 53, 209–210, 218, 220, 227, 236, 255, 268, 274, 289–290, 293, 308
  • Coverdale162
  • count noun 16, 72, 83, 130, 262, 266, 272, 309
  • creole 111, 113, 261, 264, 270–274, 277, 280
  • Cursor Mundi 104, 116–117, 119, 126, 135, 142, 144

D

  • Danelaw 102, 130, 316
  • dative 28–30, 32, 42–43, 59, 62, 64–65, 71, 75, 125–126, 128, 134, 138, 170, 174–175, 220, 303
  • demonstrative 62–66, 106, 126, 132, 222–223
  • dental 23–24, 31, 58, 124, 258, 296
  • derivational 26–27, 30, 105, 112, 114, 139, 228, 283
  • determiner 30, 220
  • devoicing 25, 40, 47
  • dictionary 4, 19, 49, 53, 66, 82, 138, 180–181, 186–187, 190, 208, 210, 219, 226–231, 235–236, 255, 258, 267–268, 273, 280, 289, 293–295, 313
  • diglossia275
  • dissimilation 25, 30
  • divergence 34, 260, 267, 276, 284
  • doublespeak 3, 27
  • diversity 274–275
  • Dravidian 36, 46–47
  • dual 44, 60–61, 90, 125, 127
  • Dutch 17–19, 25–26, 40, 66, 72–73, 79, 82, 95, 104, 107, 130, 167, 175, 225, 266, 268, 295

E

  • East Anglia 79, 107, 212, 215, 316
  • East Midlands 117, 128, 141, 308
  • editorial 190–191, 194, 278
  • Egyptian 37–38
  • EIL 251, 290
  • ELF 251, 274
  • Elizabeth I 162–163, 175, 178, 195–196, 317
  • endangered 251, 275–276
  • Enlightenment 207–208, 224, 236, 318
  • epenthesis 25, 30, 260, 273, 276, 309
  • Essex 79, 150, 215, 274, 315
  • Estuary English 232–233
  • etymological respelling 18, 168, 178, 194
  • euphemism19
  • European English264
  • Exeter Book 52, 88–89, 92, 289
  • expanding circle 255, 293
  • external change 7–9, 12, 55, 113

F

  • facsimile 52–53, 64, 82–84, 88–89, 91–93, 117–119, 151, 153, 163–164, 202, 292, 299
  • feminine 44, 62–66, 76, 78, 125–126, 141, 214
  • folio 18, 160–161, 163, 173, 179, 190, 194, 196, 230
  • frication 25, 40, 45, 47
  • fricative 23–25, 31, 41–42, 53, 56–58, 122, 124, 141–143, 211, 235, 258–259, 295–296, 298, 308–309

G

  • Gawain 116–117, 119, 124–127, 131, 137–138, 144, 151, 153–154
  • gender 44, 62, 64–66, 76, 100, 128, 131–132, 194, 207, 288, 294
  • genes 36, 95–96
  • genetic 33–36, 95–96, 262, 287
  • genitive 28–30, 42–43, 59, 61, 65, 71, 128, 171, 213, 220
  • German 17–18, 21, 27, 29, 32, 42, 44, 53, 66, 72–73, 82, 104, 107, 130, 162, 175, 253, 265–266, 268, 288
  • glide 24, 58, 78, 122, 124
  • grammaticalization 30, 59–60, 79, 132, 138, 145, 170, 178, 219, 285–286, 293
  • Great Vowel Shift 12, 18, 22, 30, 41, 57, 67, 115, 121, 159, 166–167, 283, 293
  • Greek 11, 38–39, 41–42, 44–45, 55, 108, 112, 159, 179, 181, 283, 292, 298, 306
  • Grimm’s Law 24–25, 39–42, 44, 47–48, 98, 298
  • Gullah 218, 264, 271

H

  • Harappa 46–47
  • h-deletion ix, 211
  • Hindi 1, 38, 43, 224, 252, 267, 274, 310
  • homo sapiens 33–34
  • Hopi 36, 288
  • hybrid 105, 113–114, 181, 302
  • hypercorrection 211, 217, 308

I

  • imitation 109–110, 128, 284
  • imperative 67–69, 129
  • India 17, 36, 38, 46, 252–255, 257, 259, 262, 264, 266, 274, 317–319
  • Indian English 207, 253, 255, 260, 262–263, 265, 276
  • indigenous languages xviii, 267
  • Indo-European 33, 36–40, 42, 44, 46–47, 49, 65–66, 69, 95, 125, 294, 297
  • Industrial revolution 209, 224, 228, 318
  • infinitive 59, 135, 141, 216, 223, 264–265
  • inflection 29, 47, 67, 97, 178, 222–223, 266, 272, 293
  • inflectional 27, 29–30, 42, 44, 112
  • -ing 97, 102, 103, 134, 139, 141, 212, 219
  • inkhorn 9, 179–181
  • innate 284, 287
  • inner circle255
  • innovation 126, 171, 272
  • interdental 211, 258–259, 274, 308–309
  • internal change 7–8, 12, 55, 283
  • intrusive [r]212
  • Ireland 2, 11, 51, 252, 255, 258–260, 316–317
  • Irish 2, 15, 53, 97, 189, 211–212, 261, 263, 275, 299, 302, 318–319
  • inversion262
  • irregular 15–17, 19, 30, 69, 215, 228, 261
  • Italian 36, 44–45, 49, 107, 175, 181, 227, 244, 275, 288, 298

J

  • Jamaican Creole 272, 274
  • Japanese 5–6, 26, 36, 38, 47, 110, 268
  • Jamaican Creole 272, 274
  • jargon 7, 110, 190, 232, 235–236, 272
  • Jespersen’s Cycle137

K

  • Kachru’s circles256
  • Kent 10, 18, 79, 96, 98, 142, 311, 315–316
  • Kenya 252, 257, 274, 276, 319
  • Kenyan 7, 207, 209, 260, 284
  • KJV xv, 162, 170–171, 173–174, 176, 181, 317
  • Korean 5, 36, 47, 264, 270, 310, 319

L

  • labial 23–24, 58, 124, 298
  • labio-dental 258, 296
  • LALME 126, 141, 290
  • latinate 7, 109–110, 139, 191–192, 216, 227
  • Layamon 117–119, 122, 124, 126–128, 134–136, 144, 147–149, 304
  • Lindisfarne 52, 63, 290, 316
  • linking [r] 212, 217
  • lingua franca 251, 253, 270, 274–275
  • liquid 23–24, 58, 123–124, 260
  • literacy ix, 159–162, 194
  • loan 9, 13, 19, 61, 77, 96, 98–99, 102, 106–107, 109, 112–113, 225, 229, 268, 278–279, 298, 302, 306, 311–312, 314
  • logographic 37, 47
  • Lumbee268
  • -ly 67, 129, 139, 174, 216, 223, 237, 302, 305, 306, 308

M

  • malaprop182
  • Malay 1, 263, 268
  • Malaysian English 264–265
  • manner of articulation 23, 259–260
  • marked sound 258–259
  • masculine xv, 59–60, 62–66, 76, 100, 214, 261
  • maven 227, 231–232
  • Mercia(n) 51–52, 63, 73, 79–80
  • mesolect271
  • metaphorical extension 78–79
  • metathesis 25–26, 30, 40, 273, 297, 299, 308
  • Midlands 17–18, 103, 117, 124, 128, 134, 137, 141–144, 304, 308
  • modal 68–69, 173, 216, 218–219, 286
  • mood 67–68, 74, 77–78, 175, 220, 223, 247, 266, 272

N

  • narrowing 78–79, 81–82, 299
  • nasal 23–25, 31, 58, 80, 123–124, 212, 260, 273, 296–297, 305, 308
  • Navajo 5–6, 36, 260, 275, 288
  • Navajo English260
  • Ndjuka272
  • Neanderthal34
  • negative 8, 74, 136–137, 176, 214, 217, 223, 262, 265–266, 286, 302, 308
  • neologism 179, 182
  • neuter 62, 64–66, 76, 171
  • New Zealand 255, 257, 259, 266–267, 318–319
  • New Zealand English 259, 266
  • Newton 163, 202, 208, 306
  • Nigeria 252, 257, 263, 274–275, 279–280, 318–319
  • Nigerian English263
  • Nigerian Pidgin English262
  • nominative 27–30, 42–43, 59–65, 71, 73, 75, 126, 128, 134, 170, 213, 220, 223, 261, 300, 303–304
  • Norman French 106, 113, 312
  • Northern Cities Shift23
  • Northumbria(n) 51–52, 57, 63, 79–80, 85, 97, 103, 316
  • Norwegian 100, 102, 180, 275, 301
  • Nostratic 36, 45–47, 49, 225

O

  • object 6, 26–29, 59–60, 63, 71, 132, 137, 177, 219, 222–223, 229, 242–243, 261–263, 272, 285, 288, 297–298, 303, 305, 307
  • Ogden 110, 181, 227
  • Orosius 32, 51–52, 74–75, 82, 86–87
  • Orwell 109–110, 114, 227, 234, 289
  • Orwell’s problem 110, 289
  • outer circle255
  • OV 76, 133, 210, 288, 303

P

  • Pakistan 46, 252, 257, 259, 278–279, 319
  • Pakistani English253
  • palatal 23–24, 58, 122, 124, 259, 298
  • palatalization 25, 45, 55–56, 58, 81, 100, 104, 123, 138, 141, 143, 259, 298–300, 303, 305
  • parameters285
  • passive 78, 218–219
  • past participle 67–68, 129–130, 141, 304
  • Paston Letters 106, 116–117, 158, 176, 286, 310
  • perfect 19, 78, 163, 175, 218–219, 223, 264, 306
  • Peterborough Chronicle 83–84, 104, 117, 130, 132–133, 136
  • phonetic 15–16, 19–20, 26, 30, 37–38, 40, 44–45, 47, 53, 183, 288–289, 295
  • pidgin 111, 260, 262, 270–274, 309
  • Piers Plowman 116–117, 124–125, 147, 149
  • place name 96–97, 99, 102, 123, 267, 293, 302
  • place of articulation 23–25, 259
  • Plato’s problem 284, 289
  • pleonastic 73, 131, 134, 138, 303
  • Portuguese 25, 44–45, 181, 253, 268
  • positive anymore 265, 267
  • preposition 8–9, 28–30, 59, 63, 73, 75, 104, 135, 141, 174, 177, 180, 219, 221–223, 272, 286, 293, 295, 299, 312
  • preposition stranding 177, 222
  • prescriptive 8–9, 12, 170, 173, 176–178, 183, 187, 210, 213, 217–218, 220–222, 227–228, 230–232, 234, 236, 283, 285, 290
  • present participle 103, 141, 223, 264, 304
  • printing 12, 18, 115, 119, 159, 161–162, 183, 317
  • progressive 97, 218–219, 263–264, 272–273, 280, 303
  • pronoun doubling262
  • pronoun drop 212, 218, 262–263, 266
  • proto-language 35, 44, 47
  • Puerto Rican English207
  • pun 168, 190
  • punctuation 53, 121, 165, 177–178, 194–195, 218, 222–223, 234, 237, 306

Q

  • quarto 161, 163, 168, 194
  • quire160

R

  • reconstruction 33, 36, 44–46
  • reflexive 62–63, 104, 127, 171, 178, 214, 233, 261, 304–305
  • register 7, 182, 188, 190, 207, 232, 234–235
  • relative (pronoun) 128, 136, 138, 221, 262, 306
  • relativity 224, 283, 288
  • Renaissance 2, 11, 98, 108, 119, 123, 159, 162, 179, 194, 207, 316–317
  • Riddles 51–52, 77, 88, 139
  • Romanticism 208, 236, 318
  • RP 212, 229, 232, 259
  • runic 51, 53–54, 59, 290, 299

S

  • Sami 32, 36, 75
  • Sanskrit 38–39, 41–44, 48–49, 298
  • Sapir-Whorf 283, 288–289
  • Scandinavian 1, 4, 11, 56, 95, 97, 100–104, 107–108, 111–113, 115, 126, 138, 154, 234, 275, 283, 294, 302, 316
  • Scotland 2, 10, 25, 211–212, 252, 259–260, 315, 318
  • Scottish English 2, 26, 189, 211, 218, 221, 259, 261, 295
  • Shakespeare 18, 96, 110, 126, 160–163, 165–169, 171–173, 175–177, 180–182, 188, 190–193, 195–196, 221, 230, 293, 306, 313
  • signature 160, 194, 196, 305
  • Singapore 207, 252, 255, 257, 261–264, 266, 310, 318
  • Singaporean 266, 284
  • slang 7, 190, 225–226, 235–236
  • South Africa 252–253, 255, 257, 260, 267, 318–319
  • South African English xviii, 7, 255, 259–260, 263
  • South African Indian English 207, 263
  • South Asian English 207, 253, 259, 276, 278
  • Spanish 1, 5–6, 18–19, 42, 44–45, 49, 104, 107, 112, 121, 181, 227, 260–261, 267–268, 270, 274, 288, 298, 302, 310
  • spelling pronunciation 19, 123
  • spelling reform 17, 31, 210, 290, 296
  • split infinitive 8–9, 69, 135, 228, 236
  • Sranan273
  • standardization 17–18, 30, 207, 227
  • stop 8, 13, 23–25, 31, 41–42, 45, 58, 114, 123–124, 157, 211, 227, 233, 242, 248–249, 259, 275, 295–296, 298, 308–309
  • stress 8, 125, 169, 212, 257, 260, 284, 286, 296
  • strong verb 67, 129, 174, 216, 303
  • subjunctive 67–69, 75, 129, 173, 216, 223, 265
  • substratum 272–273
  • superlative 67, 76, 131–132, 193, 217, 223
  • superstratum272
  • suppletion69
S
  • syllabic 37–38, 47
  • synthetic 6, 26–27, 30, 33, 38, 43–44, 51, 59–60, 67–68, 71, 73, 76, 81, 115, 131–132, 138, 145, 180, 193, 218, 220, 283–284, 286–287

T

  • tag question 265–266, 294
  • Tanzanian English261
  • tense 17, 59, 67–69, 71, 75, 103, 129–130, 132, 141, 146, 175, 215, 222–223, 233–234, 261, 266, 272–273, 284, 288, 303–304
  • thou 41, 91, 125–126, 129, 146, 170–173, 175, 178, 182, 188, 196, 214, 261, 292, 303, 305
  • topic-drop218

U

  • Universal Grammar 229, 284–287
  • unmarked258
  • Urdu 38, 43, 267

V

  • variants 18, 26, 34, 62, 124–125, 168, 210–211, 236
  • velar 23–25, 31, 53, 56–58, 122, 124, 141, 212, 258–259, 295–296, 305, 308
  • velar nasal 31, 58, 124, 212, 305, 308
  • verbal agreement 29, 144, 173, 178, 194, 215, 261–262, 274, 309
  • verb-fronting 23, 55–58, 81, 98, 141, 218, 298
  • verb-second 72, 300
  • VO 288, 303
  • voicing 23, 30, 46, 55–56, 58, 81, 141, 258, 260, 300, 303

W

  • Wessex 79, 315
  • West African English279
  • West African Pidgin 260, 309
  • West Midlands 117, 124, 134, 141, 144, 304
  • West Saxon 52, 56, 74–75, 80, 97
  • wh-question 72, 133, 262
  • wh-relative222
  • widening 78–79, 81–82, 238, 273, 299, 309
  • World English(es) 251, 255, 259, 261, 266–267, 276, 290
  • writing system 15, 37, 46, 115

Y

  • yes/no question 133, 175
  • Yiddish 209, 259, 268, 310
  • you all 214, 287

Z

  • Zimbabwe257
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