In:Urban Panamanian English
Catherine Laliberté
[Varieties of English Around the World G70] 2023
► pp. 6–53
Chapter 2West Indians in urban Panama
Published online: 21 August 2023
https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g70.c2
https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g70.c2
Article outline
- 2.1Historical background
- 2.1.1The construction era
- 2.1.2In the Canal Zone and Panama, 1914–1999
- 2.1.3Present-day West Indian Panamanian identities
- 2.2Sociolinguistic situation
- 2.2.1Demographics, race and language
- 2.2.2Recent language policies
- 2.2.3The French Antillean legacy
- 2.3Previous research on Panamanian varieties
- 2.3.1Bocas del Toro and Puerto Armuelles
- 2.3.2Panama City and Colón
- 2.4Towards a description of urban Panamanian English
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