Cover not available

In:The Dynamics of English in Namibia: Perspectives on an emerging variety
Edited by Anne Schröder
[Varieties of English Around the World G65] 2021
► pp. 299–305

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload Book PDF
authorization required

Index

Published online: 10 September 2021
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g65.index

A

  • Acoustic analysis 114–115, 117, 122, 125–126, 130, 135–136, 145, 147–149, 152, 156, 159, 162
  • Affective248
  • African
    • Englishes 111, 114, 285 ; see also East African English(es)see also Namibian Englishsee also Nigeriasee also South African English(es)see also Ugandan Englishsee also West Africa
    • National Congress (ANC) 36, 243, 280
  • Africanization, Africanisation 27, 268, 277
  • Afrikaans 5–7, 9, 21–36, 45, 49–54, 56, 59, 64, 66, 68–75, 78, 81–90, 93–95, 98–100, 102–105, 111, 113, 116, 127, 144, 149, 158–159, 174–175, 180–181, 186, 188, 208, 212, 245, 250, 257, 259–267, 277, 279–281, 285–286, 293
  • Afrikaner 7–8, 23–24, 29–30, 33–36, 52, 112, 174–175, 179, 181, 188, 242, 258, 277, 283, 286
  • AGN reports 29–30
  • AmEsee American English
  • American English (AmE) 170–171, 175–176, 179, 195, 198–201, 209, 212, 291
  • ANCsee African National Congress
  • Andreas, Neshani 226–228
  • Anglican(s) 23–24, 27, 34
  • Angloversals 35, 171, 285
  • Anti-apartheid struggle36see also Liberation strugglesee also Struggle for independencesee also Struggle of liberation
  • ANYTIME 198–201
  • Apartheid 5, 8–9, 21, 25, 28–30, 36, 47, 50, 52, 59, 86, 100, 171, 219, 222, 224–226, 229, 231–233, 235, 237, 241, 243–245, 250, 258, 266–267
    • reformism29
  • Appropriation 268, 277
  • Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) 279, 293 see Association of South East
  • Australia 142, 278
  • Australian English292
  • Authenticity 137, 241–242, 245, 247, 266
  • Autobiography 219, 222–225, 250

B

  • Bantu
    • education 21, 25–26, 29–31, 34, 58–59
    • Education Act52
    • languages 5, 34–35, 59, 99, 101, 127, 157, 159, 163, 187 ; see also Mbukushusee also Oshiwambosee also Otjihererosee also Rukwangalisee also Setswanasee also Thimbukushusee also Zambezi
  • Basters 4, 7, 22, 26, 30, 32–33, 52, 113, 116, 118–119, 122, 124–127, 129, 158, 174–175, 179, 181, 184, 188–189, 286
  • Black South African English (BlSAfrE) 113, 129, 131, 171
  • BLANK 207, 209–210
  • Blending285
  • BlSAfrEsee Black South African English
  • Boer 7, 23, 174, 286
  • Born-free generation145
  • Borrowing 248, 268
  • BrEsee British English
  • British English (BrE) 170–171, 175–176, 179, 209, 212, 293
  • Bushmen6

C

  • Camfranglais281
  • Caprivi 3, 5, 24–27, 228
  • Caprivians 22, 26
  • Caribbean 278, 292
  • Chain shift130
  • Circles Modelsee Three Circles Model
  • CMCsee Computer-mediated communication
  • CNamONsee Corpus of Namibian Online Newspapers
  • Code-switching, codeswitching 10–11, 35, 57, 59, 75–77, 86–87, 144, 248, 261, 266, 268, 281
  • Code-switching, functions of248
    • Affective248
    • Indexical248
    • Metaphorical 248, 261, 264, 266
    • Referential 248, 255, 261, 266
    • Situational 248, 255
  • Cold War 28, 244
  • Colonial 1, 6–8, 12, 21–22, 24, 27–29, 59, 88, 196, 219–220, 228, 234–236, 244–245, 248, 268–269, 279–280, 289–290
  • Colonialism27
  • Colonisation 6, 8
  • Colony 8, 22, 170
  • Coloureds 25–26, 30, 32–35, 52, 87, 149, 174, 286
  • Communicative experiences 63–64, 66
  • Communicative practices 12, 63, 74, 77–78
  • Communities 6, 23, 25, 51, 59, 77, 90, 137, 189, 236, 291
  • Community 30, 56, 65, 68, 73, 77, 85, 87, 91, 96, 99–100, 135–136, 143, 146, 163, 173, 211, 222, 224–225, 227–229, 234–235, 253, 258, 262, 277, 280
  • Compound268
  • Compounding285
  • Computer-mediated communication (CMC) 137, 160
  • Concentric Circles Modelsee Three Circles Model
  • Consonant(s) 112, 283
  • Corpus of Namibian Online Newspapers11
  • Ctree analysis 174, 176–177, 183, 185, 190
  • Cultural identity 219, 233, 236, 290
  • Cultural model(s) 207, 210

D

  • Damaras 4–5, 22, 26, 32, 34, 49–50, 53, 59, 70, 113, 116, 118–123, 125–126, 144, 174–175, 179, 180–181, 186, 189, 208, 210
  • DCTssee Discourse Completion Tasks
  • Deutsch-Südwestafrika22
  • Dialect levelling159
  • Dialogue Production Tasks (DPTs)196
  • Diergaardt30
  • Diescho, Joseph 225–226, 241, 246, 249–250, 253–255, 257–258, 266–269
  • Differentiation 13, 129, 140, 290
  • Digital ethnography 11, 135
  • Diphthongs 34, 131
  • Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) 196, 199–200
  • Discourse markers 35, 86, 203
  • DMsee Dynamic Model
  • DON’T MENTION IT 199–200
  • DON’T WORRY 199–200
  • Double adjective comparatives284
  • Double comparison284
  • Double modal(s) 284, 286
  • DPTssee Dialogue Production Tasks
  • DRESS 34, 111–116, 118–121, 123, 125–130, 135, 150–152, 154–155, 157–159, 163, 278, 283, 286
  • DRESS raising 158, 163
  • Dynamic Model (DM) 10, 12–14, 112, 136, 191, 236, 268, 275, 289–292

E

  • East African English114
  • East African Englishes 131, 278
  • Educational Policy 45–47
  • EFLsee English as a foreign language
  • EIFsee Extra- and Intraterritorial Forces Model
  • Elimination 248, 262, 266
  • Endonormative stabilization, endonormative stabilisation 10, 12–13, 136, 220, 276, 278, 290, 292
  • English 1, 5–7, 9–14, 21–37, 45–78, 81, 83–90, 93–96, 98–105, 111–115, 125, 127, 129–130, 135–137, 141, 144–145, 148, 153–154, 157–160, 163, 169–172, 174–175, 178, 180–181, 183, 186–192, 195–202, 208–212, 219–220, 225, 236, 241, 245–246, 250–253, 257–262, 265–269, 275–293
    • as a foreign language (EFL) 169, 281, 287–288
    • as a native language (ENL) 287, 288
    • as a second language (ESL) 169, 281, 287–288
    • Language Proficiency Programme31see also Varieties of English
  • ENLsee English as a native language
  • Epicentre 286, 292
  • ESLsee English as a second language
  • Ethnic
    • diversity 4, 111
    • identity189
      • formation 11, 220, 241–242, 249–250, 264, 269, 277
    • variation 111, 129
  • Evocation 249, 266, 268
  • eWave282
  • Exile 28, 36, 222–225, 231–233, 246, 250, 269, 280, 293
  • Expanding Circle 169, 171, 196, 288–289
  • Extra- and Intraterritorial Forces Model (EIF) 13–14, 135, 289–290, 292
  • Extradiegetic communication247

F

  • Face 197, 208
  • Facework 12, 209, 211
  • Fanagalosee Fanakalo
  • Fanakalo 254–256, 266–267
  • Ficto-linguistics 241–242, 246–247, 269, 277
  • Finnish Lutheran missionaries7
  • Five vowel system 34, 157–158, 163
  • FLEECE 34, 130–131, 150–152, 157, 282
  • Folk pragmatics 203, 211
  • FOOT 34, 131, 150–152, 155, 157, 282
  • Forms of address252
  • Foundation289
  • Founder principle 62, 293, 296–297
  • Freedom fighter225
  • Functions of code-switchingsee Code-switching, functions of

G

  • Genocide8
  • German 5–8, 21–24, 26–29, 68–70, 75, 78, 82–83, 85–86, 89, 93–95, 98–99, 101, 103, 111, 113, 116, 118, 122, 125–127, 174–175, 180–181, 186, 188, 195, 198, 209, 212, 224, 242, 245, 250, 281, 285
  • Germans 8, 23–24, 181, 231
  • Germany 8, 22, 24, 101, 242
  • GOOSE 34, 130–131, 150–152, 154–155, 157, 282–283
  • GOOSE fronting 34, 130, 151, 154–155, 157, 283

H

  • Hangula, Vickson Tablah 221, 223, 230–231
  • Healthcare 12, 63–78, 277
  • Herero 4, 22, 26, 50, 59, 86, 104, 116, 118–119, 121–123, 126–127, 174–175, 179, 181, 187, 231, 243
  • Heterogeneity 144, 159, 278
  • Homeland 9, 25, 50, 225, 258, 264
  • Home language(s) 32, 45, 46, 49, 85, 88–89, 100, 102–103, 148, 163, 175, 207–208, 261 ; see also Afrikaanssee also Germansee also Khoekhoegowabsee also Mbukushusee also Namibian English (NamE)see also Oshiwambosee also Otjihererosee also Rukwangalisee also Sansee also Setswanasee also Zambezi
  • Homogeneity 56, 156, 191, 278, 290–291
  • Hong Kong278

I

  • Identity 9, 11, 13, 86, 89, 129, 137, 146–147, 172, 174, 180, 189–190, 219–220, 222–223, 229, 232–236, 241–242, 247, 249–250, 264, 266, 269, 277–278, 281, 290
  • Independence 1, 6, 8–9, 11, 13, 21–22, 27, 30–31, 33, 36, 45–47, 54, 58, 60, 63–64, 83–85, 88–89, 96, 104–105, 111, 144, 163, 174, 196, 219–220, 222–226, 229–230, 232–233, 235–236, 241–243, 245, 250, 264, 266–267, 269, 276–277, 279–280, 288, 293
  • Index248
  • Indexical248
  • Indexing249
  • India 67–68, 82, 280
  • Indian English278
  • Inner Circle34
  • Interethnic communication 83, 85–87, 89, 99, 101–105, 287, 290
  • Interrogative patterns284
  • Interview 58, 86–87, 93, 115–119, 122, 125–126, 159
  • Interviews 11, 45–48, 51–52, 57, 59–60, 84, 87, 91–93, 100, 104, 139, 145, 158, 173, 203, 230
  • Intradiegetic communication247

J

  • Jamaican English292

K

  • Kachru 196, 288
  • Kahengua, Kavevangua 234–236
  • Katutura235
  • Kavango 3–6, 22, 49, 53, 258, 262–263, 265–266
  • Kenya 67–68, 279–280
  • Khoekhoesee Khoekhoegowab
  • Khoekhoegowab 5, 7, 26, 32, 34–35, 99, 186
  • Khoesan languages 5–6, 22, 35, 83, 111, 113–114, 116, 127, 131, 175, 180–181, 184–185, 187–188 ; see also Khoekhoegowabsee also San
  • Kinship term(s) 252, 261KIT 34, 112–113, 129, 131, 135, 150–152, 154–155, 157–158, 163, 282, 286
  • KIT split 154–155, 157–158, 163, 282, 286

L

  • Language
    • attitude(s) 10–11, 36, 45, 85, 88, 138, 189–190, 276
    • barrier(s) 65, 66, 72
    • contact 170, 262, 275, 281
    • ideology 13, 31–32, 48, 88, 241–242, 249, 269, 277
    • of liberation280
    • of wider communication 89, 256
    • policy 12, 21–22, 27–31, 36, 47, 65, 84–85, 88–90 92, 103, 144–145, 241, 245, 259, 275–276, 279–280, 286, 288, 293
    • use 11–12, 25, 45–48, 51, 60, 65, 83–88, 90–92, 99–100, 103–104, 147, 209–210, 242, 246, 258, 277
  • Learner variety 195–196
  • Left dislocation284
  • Lexical set(s) 113, 114, 115–119, 121, 124, 125, 127–129, 131, 150–151, 156–157 ; see also DRESSsee also FLEECEsee also FOOTsee also GOOSEsee also KITsee also NURSEsee also STARTsee also STRUTsee also THOUGHTsee also TRAPsee also WORK
  • Liberation movement(s) 9, 21, 223, 241, 243–244, 250–251, 256–258, 266
  • Liberation Struggle 21, 219, 222, 236, 241, 245, 249, 251, 256–257, 279 ; see also Anti-apartheid strugglesee also Struggle for independencesee also Struggle of liberation
  • Lingua franca 6, 9, 21–22, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35–36, 50, 54, 56, 59, 64–65, 71–72, 74, 83, 144, 175, 188
  • Linguistic
    • and communicative practices 74, 77–78
    • biographies 67–68, 77
    • diversity 4, 13, 63–64, 67, 88, 241–242, 246, 248–249, 269, 277
    • ecology 1, 12, 246, 280
    • landscape 83–84, 89–90, 93, 164
    • landscaping 10–11, 83–85, 90, 136, 164
    • practices247
    • soundscape 83–84, 91, 99 soundscaping 83–84, 92
  • Loan translations285
  • Loan words285
  • London Missionary Society7

M

  • Malaysia 278, 288
  • Malaysian English281
  • Mbukushu 252–253 ; see also Thimbukushu
  • MCTssee Multiple Choice Tasks
  • Medium of Instruction (MoI) 9, 21–31, 45–46, 52–55, 57–60, 65, 67–68, 73, 81–82, 88–89, 145, 259, 276, 279
  • Meta-language 241–242
  • Metalinguistic 138, 143–144, 162, 247, 249, 253, 255–256, 258–259, 261, 267, 269
  • Metaphorical 248, 249, 261, 264, 266
  • Meta-pragmatic 195, 197, 203, 205, 207, 210–211
  • Missionaries 7, 21–23, 228
  • MOIsee Medium of Instruction
  • Molapong, Keamogetsi 221, 231–235
  • Monophthong(s) 117, 131, 149–150
  • Monophthongization, monophthongisation34
  • Morphology 169, 178
  • Morphological 175, 188, 246
  • Mother tongue education (MTE) 25, 29, 45–47, 52, 55, 58–59
  • MTEsee Mother tongue education
  • Multilingual 4, 10, 12, 35, 45–46, 49, 58–59, 63–67, 70–71, 76–78, 83, 90–91, 93–94, 98, 101, 105, 137, 160, 169, 195, 197, 209, 211–212, 246, 248, 262, 266–268, 277–278, 280–281, 288, 291–292
  • Multilingualism 6, 21, 63, 66, 68, 76, 78, 88, 241–242, 246, 248–249, 255, 257, 266, 275–276, 292
  • Multilingual repertoire(s) 12, 63–64, 71, 137, 169
  • Multinormative stabilization292
  • Multiple Choice Tasks (MCTs)196

N

  • Nama 4–5, 8, 22, 26, 32, 49, 53, 70, 113, 116, 144, 174, 186, 257
  • NamEsee Namibian English
  • Namibian Authors225see also Andreas, Neshanisee also Diescho, Josephsee also Hangula, Vckson Tablahsee also Kahengua, Kavevanguasee also Molapong, Keamogetsisee also Nyathi, Francis Sifisosee also Thaniseb, Axaro W.
  • Namibian Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) 144–145, 147–150, 156–159, 163
  • Namibian English (NamE) 10–13, 21, 33–35, 49, 54, 58, 63, 85, 91, 95, 96, 111–112, 114–116, 129, 131, 135–136, 138–139, 142, 146, 149, 154, 161, 169–173, 175–176, 178–191, 195–197, 199–202, 207–212, 220, 235, 241, 275–287, 289–291, 293
  • Namibian ethnicitiessee also Afrikanersee also Basterssee also Boersee also Bushmensee also Caprivianssee also Colouredssee also Damarassee also Hererosee also Kavangosee also Oorlamsee also Ovambosee also Sansee also Tswanasee also Zambezi
  • Namibian languages 12, 29, 46, 64, 68–69, 71, 75, 77–78, 144, 210, 212, 256–257, 266 ; see also Afrikaanssee also Germansee also Khoekhoegowabsee also Mbukushusee also Namibian Englishsee also Namlishsee also Oshiwambosee also Otjihererosee also Rukavangosee also Rukwangalisee also Sansee also Setswanasee also Thimbukushusee also Zambezi
  • Namibianism(s) 11, 209, 278
  • Namibian YouTuber(s) 135–136, 142, 142–146, 148, 150, 153, 159–160, 163, 277
  • Namlish 143–144, 281
  • National
    • identity 219–220, 232
    • language(s) 30, 277, 279, 293
    • Party 24–25, 27
  • Nativization, nativisation 10, 12, 21, 36, 112, 169–170, 172–173, 175, 189–191, 276, 278, 289, 295
  • NBCsee Namibian Broadcasting Corporation
  • Negation284
  • Negation patterns284
  • Netherlands, the288
  • New World varieties278
  • New Zealand 278–279
  • New Zealand English212
  • Nigeria 4, 280
  • NO PROBLEM 198–201, 205, 208
  • North America278
  • North-to-south migration 22, 32, 36
  • NURSE 34, 111–116, 118, 121–122, 124–127, 128–130, 135, 150–151, 153–159, 163, 278, 282, 286, 290, 293
  • NURSE-WORK split 111, 112, 114, 116, 122, 125–127, 129, 130, 153, 155–156, 158, 163, 278, 282, 290, 293
  • Nyathi, Francis Sifiso 221, 228

O

  • Odendaal Commission 25, 28
  • Official language(s) 1, 6, 9–10, 12, 21–23, 27–28, 30, 45–47, 52, 58, 63, 68, 73, 76, 83, 88, 90, 111, 196, 241, 245, 267, 279–281
  • OKAY 198–201, 205
  • Ombwiti33
  • Oorlam 7, 22
  • OPCsee Ovambo People’s Congress
  • OPOsee Ovamboland People’s Organisation
  • Orange River22
  • Oshiwambo 5–6, 23, 26, 32–35, 49–50, 53, 56, 58–59, 69–76, 78, 81–82, 93–95, 98–99, 113, 116, 144, 148–149, 155, 157, 212, 243, 257, 281–282, 285, 290, 293
  • Otjiherero 5–6, 8, 26, 32, 34, 49, 53, 69–70, 78, 81, 113, 116, 257
  • Outer Circle 169, 190, 196, 288
  • Ovambo 4, 22–23, 26, 28, 32–33, 35, 50, 52–53, 55–56, 58, 101, 104, 116, 118–120, 122, 124, 126–128, 148, 174–175, 179, 181, 226, 228
  • Ovambo People’s Congress (OPC)243
  • Ovamboland 24–27, 29, 31
  • Ovamboland People’s Organisation (OPO)243
  • Overgeneralization 35, 188

P

  • Pan-ethnic 9, 28
  • PCEsee Postcolonial English(es)
  • Performance 104, 139–140, 207, 209, 211, 221, 230, 291
  • Personal identity 89, 222–223
  • Phases of the Dynamic Model (DM)see also Differentiationsee also Endonormative stabilizationsee also Exonormative stabilizationsee also Foundationsee also Nativization
  • Phonetic 11, 34, 111, 115, 117, 129, 135, 147–148, 150, 153, 158–159, 161, 170, 267, 278, 282
  • Phonetics 111, 116–117, 129, 135, 150, 164
  • Phonological 112, 115, 121, 127, 129–130, 161, 278, 282, 290, 293
  • Phonology 12, 131, 135, 159, 282, 285
  • PLEASURE 199–201, 204–208, 210–211, 278
  • Pluralization 283Pluricentric languages 195, 292
  • Poetry 219–221, 229, 231–236
  • Police Zone 24–26
  • Portuguese 5, 7–8, 49, 68–70, 74–75, 78, 81–82, 93, 98, 175, 244, 267
  • Postcolonial English(es) (PCE) 35, 169, 196, 213, 236, 289–291
  • Postcolonial pragmatic(s) 196, 207
  • Post-independence 6, 13, 22, 31, 45–46, 58, 83–84, 88, 104, 219, 226, 230
  • Preposition 283, 286
  • Prestige 9, 21–22, 25, 27, 32, 35–36, 60, 84–85, 87–88, 90, 94, 101, 103, 105, 276, 281
  • Prestige language 21–22, 27, 32, 35–36, 276
  • Preverbal never284
  • Progressive marking 12, 169–170, 172, 175, 179, 184–186, 188–190, 278
  • Pronoun copying284

Q

  • QEUsee Questionnaire on English Usage
  • Question tag286
  • Questionnaire on English Usage (QEU) 196, 199–200, 208

R

  • Realism 245, 249, 262, 266
  • Realization types 198–201, 205, 207–209 ; see also ANYTIMEsee also BLANKsee also DON’T MENTION ITsee also DON’T WORRYsee also NO PROBLEMsee also OKAYsee also PLEASUREsee also REJECTsee also SUREsee also THANKSsee also WELCOMEsee also YEAH
  • Reconciliation 9, 220, 223, 230, 233, 245
  • Reduplication283
  • Reference
    • action 197, 208
    • Temporal reference 181, 183, 187
  • Referential 248, 255, 261, 266
  • REJECT 200, 209–210
  • Requests196
  • Resistance 8–9, 15, 25, 27, 38, 88, 225, 232, 237, 243, 245, 250, 256, 260, 269, 271
  • Response(s) to thanks 12, 16, 194–201, 202, 204, 207–213, 215, 296 ; see also Realization typessee also Reference actionsee also Requests
  • Resumptive pronouns 35, 284
  • Role-plays 195, 197, 202–204, 206–210
  • Role playssee role-plays
  • Rukavango 32, 50, 257
  • Rukwangali 70, 78, 253, 260, 262–265

S

  • San 4–6, 22
  • Semi-auxiliary283
  • Setswana 5, 49, 69, 77, 82, 174, 254, 257, 279
  • Sfanakalosee Fanakalo
  • Short story 219, 224–225
  • Signalization, signalisation 248–249, 262, 266, 268
  • Singapore 278, 288
  • Situational 248, 255
  • Small talk196
  • South Africa 2, 7–9, 21–23, 25–31, 33, 47, 65, 67, 73, 82, 84, 111, 113, 222, 224, 241–245, 251, 253–254, 258, 260–262, 264, 266–268, 275–276, 278–280, 285–286, 290, 292
  • South African English 1, 33–36, 96, 111–113, 154, 171, 268, 275, 277–278, 283, 292
  • South African Englishes 12, 111, 154, 268, 278 ; see also Black South African English (BlSAfrE)see also White South African English (WSAfrE)
  • Southern Hemisphere English(es) 34, 129–130, 278, 282, 283, 286
  • South West Africa (SWA) 8, 23–29, 33, 36, 242–243, 258, 261, 285
  • South West Africa People’s Organisation (SWAPO) 9, 21, 28–32, 36, 104, 222–223, 243–245, 258, 279
  • South West Africa Progressive Association243
  • Soweto 29, 36
  • Speaker strategy 198, 201
  • Speaker strategy types201
  • Stance 223, 230, 257, 269
  • START 150, 153, 157
  • St Mary’s High School 24, 26–27, 29
  • STRUT 150, 157
  • Structural nativization, structural nativisation 12, 112, 169–170, 172–173, 175, 190–191, 278, 289
  • Struggle for independence 9, 241 ; see also Anti-apartheid strugglesee also Liberation strugglesee also Struggle of liberation
  • Struggle of liberation269see also Anti-apartheid strugglesee also Liberation strugglesee also Struggle for independence
  • Style shiftingsee style-shifting
  • Style-shifting 125, 140, 162, 241–242, 247–248
  • Subject doubling284
  • SURE 199–200
  • SWAsee South West Africa
  • Swahili 68, 77, 81–82, 279
  • SWAPOsee South West Africa People’s Organisation

T

  • Tanzania 67, 82, 288
  • Temporal referencesee reference
  • Thaniseb, Axaro W. 231, 234–236
  • THANKS 199–200
  • Theatre 221, 229–231
  • Thimbukushu 254 –257see also Mbukushu
  • THOUGHT 150, 154
  • Three Circles Model288see also Expanding Circlesee also Inner Circlesee also Outer Circle
  • TH-stopping 112, 283
  • Time adverbs283
  • Transfer(s) 34, 35, 157, 170, 188, 285
  • Transnational Attraction 280, 289
  • TRAP 111–116, 118–121, 123, 125––130, 135, 150–152, 154–155, 157, 159, 163, 278, 283, 286
  • TRAP-DRESS merger 111–114, 118–119, 125–127, 129, 155, 159, 278, 283
  • TRAP-DRESS-NURSE merger 126–127, 157, 163
  • Triangulation 45, 48, 117, 145,159, 195, 197, 202
  • Trinidad 291–292
  • Turnhalle Conference 22, 28
  • Tswana 4, 22, 70, 78, 174–175, 179–181

U

  • Uganda279
  • Ugandan English175

V

  • Van Zyl Commission25
  • Variational pragmatic(s) 194–195, 197, 211
  • Variationist linguistics 164, 285
  • Varieties of English 1, 112, 129–130, 135–137, 145, 169, 171–172, 178, 189–190, 195–198, 200–201, 210–212, 220, 236, 276, 281–285, 292 ; see also African Englishsee also African Englishessee also American English (AmE)see also Australian Englishsee also Black South African English (BlSAfrE)see also British English (BrE)see also East African Englishsee also East African Englishessee also Indian Englishsee also Jamaican Englishsee also Malaysian Englishsee also Namibian Englishsee also New World varietiessee also New Zealand Englishsee also Nigeriasee also Postcolonial English(es)see also South African Englishsee also South African Englishessee also Southern Hemisphere English(es)see also Ugandan Englishsee also West Africasee also White South African English (WSAfrE)
  • Vlog(s) 139–140, 143, 145–146, 148, 151–152, 155, 161
  • Vowel 12, 34, 112–114, 116–119, 121–122, 124–125, 128–131, 148, 150–159, 163, 275, 282–283, 286
    • frontingsee also GOOSE frontingsee also KIT frontingsee also NURSE frontingsee also WORK fronting
    • merger 113, 151 ; see also TRAP-DRESS mergersee also TRAP-DRESS-NURSE merger
    • shift130see also Chain shift
    • space 117, 122, 129, 131, 150–158
    • split 114, 122, 129, 130, 275 ; see also KIT splitsee also NURSE-WORK split
  • Vowels 34, 111–112, 115, 117, 119, 129–131, 135, 148, 151–155, 157, 277, 282

W

  • Walvis Bay 3, 7, 22–23, 28, 144
  • WebMAUS117
  • WELCOME 198–201, 206, 208–209
  • Wesleyans7
  • West Africa285
  • White South African English (WSAfrE) 1, 34, 36, 112–113, 130
  • Witchcraft 227–228
  • Word final consonant devoicing 112, 283
  • WORK 111–112, 114–116, 118, 121–122, 124–127–130, 150–151, 153–158, 163, 278, 282, 286, 290, 293
  • World Englishes 1, 11–13, 111–112, 135–138, 160, 170, 195, 210,275, 278, 287
  • World system of Englishes291
  • WSAfrEsee White South African English

Y

  • YEAH 199–200
  • YouTube 12, 135–149, 158–164, 278

Z

  • Zambezi 3, 49, 51–52, 59
Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue