In:World Englishes on the Web: The Nigerian diaspora in the USA
Mirka Honkanen
[Varieties of English Around the World G63] 2020
► pp. 335–338
Index
Published online: 11 August 2020
https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g63.ind
https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g63.ind
A
- abbreviation81, 266–267, 273–276, 288
- accommodation78–82, 105–107, 125, 261, 284, 294, 306; see also assimilation
- acts of identity3, 32–33, 292, 305
- acronym see abbreviation
- addressing see term of address
- ain’t65, 87–88, 152–153, 189–190, 195–196, 199–212, 278–279, 293, 308
- American English12, 20–21, 64, 82, 86, 88, 105, 164, 193, 208–209, 243, 245, 270–271, 278, 302–303
- Androutsopoulos, Jannis5–6, 56, 61–62, 69, 268, 312
- anti-African-American ideology116, 279, 289–290, 307
- ass see augmentation
- assimilation20, 59, 78–82, 100, 105, 118, 216–217, 267, 294, 302, 306; see also accommodation
- augmentation188, 191, 201, 218–227, 245, 278–279, 288, 290
- authentication4, 21, 41, 44–46, 79–80, 93, 96, 98, 100, 103, 105–107, 109, 111–112, 115, 117–118, 120, 124, 187, 194, 204–205, 241–243, 261, 265, 283, 295–301, 306; see also authenticity, de-authentication, inauthenticity
- authenticity4, 9, 21, 26, 34–41, 44–46, 75, 78, 82–83, 85, 96, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111–112, 115–117, 119, 131, 176, 186–187, 195, 204–205, 217, 241–243, 265, 281–284, 291, 295–302, 306; see also authentication, de-authentication, inauthenticity
B
- Benor, Sarah3–5, 31–35, 292–293, 301–303
- Blackness3, 19–21, 43–44, 71, 73–75, 81, 83, 85, 95, 100, 120, 136–138, 165–166, 173–176, 178, 186, 197, 204–205, 247, 279–280; see also race, Whites
- blending171, 177, 266
- Blommaert, Jan1–2, 5, 23–24, 26–31, 45–46, 109, 308, 311
- British English11–12, 14, 18, 21, 24, 80, 261, 309
C
- camouflaging132–133, 146–147, 150, 164, 307
- capitalization3, 158, 160, 214, 268, 273, 276
- clipping124, 275–276
- code-switching6, 16, 24–25, 29, 32, 126
- colonialism10–12, 32, 42–43, 73–74, 259
- contextualization6, 192–194, 204, 235, 292
- community2, 20, 24, 30, 32, 34, 39, 52–54, 66, 69, 280, 286, 313; see also online community, speech community
- computer-mediated communication2, 5–6, 25, 28, 37–38, 47–48, 50, 52–53, 58–59, 61, 67–69, 118, 125, 152, 160, 229, 268, 273–276, 278, 280, 301, 312; see also Nairaland, web forum
- copula65–66, 87–88, 199, 205, 210, 235, 239, 277
- corpora6–7, 13, 23, 47, 54–57, 59–61, 63–64, 66, 68, 136, 311–312; see also Corpus of Global Web-based English, tagging
- Corpus of Global Web-based English23, 47, 59–60, 177–178, 181, 203, 217–218, 256, 260, 262–263, 274, 278, 311
- creole12–13, 15–16, 21, 65, 209, 311–313; see also Jamaican Creole, pidgin
- crossing4, 24–26, 33–34, 193–194, 204, 291–293, 302–303, 305–306
- crossover feature64, 89, 171, 182–183, 202, 227, 308
D
- Davies, Mark23, 47, 59–60, 177–179, 181, 203, 217–218, 256, 258, 260, 262–263, 274, 278, 311
- de-authentication79–80, 100, 105, 115, 117–118, 194–196, 242–243, 261, 265, 267, 274, 283, 295, 298–299, 308; see also authentication, authenticity, inauthenticity
- digital divide51
- discourse marker172, 234–236, 244
- distancing93, 100, 110, 138, 144, 152, 173, 194–199, 204, 275, 283, 290, 309
- double-voicing37–38, 282–283
E
- echoing137, 187–190, 195, 223
- electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English13, 86–88, 208, 210, 254
- ethnicity2–4, 10, 17, 24–26, 31–34, 39, 41–46, 51, 72–74, 82, 105, 250, 280, 284, 291–292, 299, 301, 310
- ethnolinguistic repertoire3, 5, 31–35, 248, 292–293, 301–306, 310
- ethnography24, 30, 40, 61–62, 86; see also virtual ethnography
- eWAVE see electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English
- expert user of AAVE92–96, 103, 105–107, 109–115, 118–119, 133–134, 150, 279–281, 290–291, 294–295, 306–307
F
- first-generation immigrant2, 18–19, 43, 58, 250–252; see also second-generation immigrant, third-generation immigrant
- flaming117, 205, 280
- forum see web forum
- future88, 132, 134–135, 139–140, 149–164, 205–208, 283
G
- gangsta75, 79–81, 83, 92–94, 166, 216, 266–267, 276, 290, 296–297
- gender33, 40, 58, 76, 92, 94, 127–129, 174–176, 191, 278–279
- geolocation19, 51–52, 56–57, 60, 154, 171, 177, 217, 231, 256–257, 278
- ghetto75, 83, 92–93, 98
- globalization1–2, 5, 12–13, 20, 23–24, 26–30, 33, 41, 54, 60, 64, 80–81, 88–89, 290–291, 305, 307–309, 311, 313
- GloWbE see Corpus of Global Web-based English
H
- habitual be87, 132–140, 164, 190, 277
- Hausa10–11, 18, 51, 109–111, 236, 248–250, 271, 299–300, 310; see also Igbo, Yoruba
- Heyd, Theresa34–35, 53–55, 234–235, 241, 305
- hip-hop4–5, 12, 16, 27–28, 46, 81, 83, 106, 113, 116–124, 156, 169, 174–176, 178–179, 200–201, 215–217, 234–235, 278, 281, 284, 290, 307; see also rap battling
- humor130, 192–194, 236–238, 242–243, 292, 306; see also playfulness, wordplay
I
- identity construction3–6, 9, 17, 24–26, 31–34, 38–39, 43–46, 49–51, 67, 75, 78, 81–82, 85, 92–94, 102–105, 107, 113, 115, 118–119, 138, 140, 241–243, 247, 251, 278, 283, 290–292, 295–297, 299–301; see also acts of identity
- ideology23, 44–45, 107, 127–128, 137, 204, 268, 279–282, 289–290, 307
- Igbo10, 18, 50–51, 95–96, 236, 248–253, 262, 299–300, 310; see also Hausa, Yoruba
- inauthenticity37, 41, 45, 78, 98, 102, 114–119, 176, 243, 282, 284, 291–292, 297, 302, 306; see also authentication, authenticity, de-authentication
- indexicality6, 26–28, 31, 33–34, 40–41, 81, 102–103, 170, 194, 231, 241–242, 247, 271, 292–293, 305–306
- interjection235–236
- International Corpus of English13, 23, 311; see also corpora
J
- Jamaican Creole12–13, 21, 50–51, 85–86, 88, 96–97, 107–109, 312–313; see also creole
- Jamaican English12–13, 21, 85–86, 88, 200
L
- language attitude6, 15–17, 20, 59, 72, 82–85, 99, 101, 111, 230–233, 280, 293, 302, 306–307
- language policy10–11, 239, 249
- lexical borrowing16, 29, 133, 261–262, 16, 29, 133, 261–262, 294
- lexical sets269–270
- lingua franca14–15, 230–231, 248, 302
- linguistic awareness6, 33–34, 40, 112, 190–194, 263–265, 270–271, 294–295, 301, 309–311; see also metalanguage
- lurking49, 61
M
- Mair, Christian4–5, 20–21, 34–35, 54–55, 234–235, 241, 254, 294, 305, 310–312
- metalanguage6, 83–85, 94–95, 98–101, 105–107, 109–112, 151–152, 172–173, 175–176, 183–184, 186, 190–194, 198–199, 203–205, 217, 226–227, 230–234, 249–251, 264–265, 280–281, 286–287, 290, 294, 306; see also linguistic awareness
- methodology55–59, 60–67, 305
- migration2, 5, 18–21, 25, 32, 41, 43, 46, 51–52, 58, 71–75, 78, 81–82, 100, 230–231, 293–294, 311; see also accommodation, assimilation, first-generation immigrant, second-generation immigrant
- minimal user of AAVE32, 99–100, 126, 137–138, 156, 187–202, 283, 286–290, 308
- misspelling see orthography, typographical error
- model minority18–20, 306–307
- multilingualism6, 18, 28–31, 50, 54, 62, 64, 96–99, 244–247, 252, 261, 311–313
- multiple negation88, 108, 209–211
N
- n-word93–94, 114–115, 121, 126, 166, 171, 173–176, 196, 198–199, 216, 277–279, 288, 290
- Nairaland5, 48–53, 55, 57–58, 66–67, 69, 112–113, 181, 230, 234–235, 241, 249–251, 259, 267–268, 275–276, 281, 293–294, 301–302, 310, 312; see also web forum
- nation10, 12, 23–24, 29, 32, 34, 42–45, 51, 105, 295, 301
- native speaker11, 16, 46, 269, 283–284; see also non-native speaker
- Net Corpora Administration Tool7, 51–52, 55–57, 61, 63, 65–68, 312
- negative inversion88, 209–212
- neologism see word-formation
- Nigeria2, 10–18, 34, 42–45, 51, 117, 166, 191, 248–250, 275–276, 296–297, 303
- Nigerian English13–14, 18, 21, 29, 88, 162, 166, 253–272, 293–295, 301, 309–311
- Nigerian Pidgin14–18, 20–21, 50, 65, 84–85, 88, 106, 140–147, 204, 225, 229–248, 261, 265, 268, 270–271, 274, 293–294, 301–302, 310, 312
- non-native speaker5, 24, 41, 46, 283–284, 305, 313; see also native speaker
- non-user of AAVE92, 100–103, 124, 136–137, 156, 189, 226–227, 288, 290, 308
O
- online community52–54, 57–58, 94, 280; see also community
- orthography6, 16, 21, 50, 54, 64, 67, 97–98, 102, 132, 139, 141–144, 150–151, 158–161, 164–173, 180, 213–215, 233, 267–272, 285, 288–289, 294, 299, 308–309, 312–313
P
- past tense66, 87–88, 132, 140–144, 147–149, 203, 206–210, 257–258
- phonology14, 82, 132, 164–170, 256, 269–272, 288, 309
- pidgincreole16
- pidgin13–18, 65, 84–85, 293, 302, 311–312; see also creole, Nigerian Pidgin
- performance vs competence3, 9, 100, 105, 111, 190–194, 294
- place44–45, 49–50, 52, 57, 275, 295–296; see also space
- playfulness33, 38, 97, 117, 122, 127, 152, 164, 177, 184, 192–193, 204, 224, 231–232, 235–238, 244, 266–267, 291–292; see also wordplay
- present tense65, 88, 135, 208, 257
- prescriptivism14, 23, 204, 269, 280
- prestige11–12, 15, 21, 27, 80–82, 120, 230, 290–291, 300–302, 308–309; see also stigma
- proverb177, 201, 247, 252–253, 261
- pseudonymity26, 36–37, 69, 104–105, 152, 275, 301
- punctuation160, 195, 214, 268
R
- rap battling38, 103–104, 119–124, 131, 138, 156–157, 177–178, 186, 198–199, 215–216, 234–235, 244–247, 281–283, 291–292, 307; see also hip-hop
- race2–3, 20, 43–44, 71–77, 81–84, 137–138, 173–176, 197, 203, 205, 279–280, 307; see also Blackness, Whites
- reduplication245, 261
- religion10, 51, 158, 261–263
- repertoire3, 5, 9, 17–18, 20–21, 28, 30–35, 46, 62–63, 80, 91, 94–103, 106–109, 113, 115, 152, 187–188, 195, 233, 250–252, 277–278, 292–294, 301–303, 305–306, 308, 310
- Romance language45, 54, 96–97, 111, 237, 295, 312
S
- second-generation immigrant19–20, 32, 43, 58, 74, 76, 78–79, 103–104, 106, 113, 230, 254, 291–292; see also first-generation immigrant, third-generation immigrant
- semantic inversion126, 185–186, 286
- serial verb225, 239, 241
- space5, 23, 26–28, 62, 120, 275; see also place
- speech act4, 103–104, 120, 156
- speech community2, 30, 34, 39; see also community
- spelling see orthography
- stancetaking33, 44, 93–94, 102–103, 137, 292
- standard language82, 84, 124, 160, 214, 247, 268, 289, 302; see also standard language ideology
- standard language ideology23, 100, 204, 226, 280, 290, 307; see also ideology, standard language
- stereotype33, 75–77, 81, 92, 101, 127–130, 140, 184, 196, 205, 209, 279–282, 286, 306–307, 309
- stigma4–5, 15, 69, 82–83, 210, 230, 279, 290–291, 293, 303, 308–310; see also prestige
- style30–31, 40, 50, 63, 96–99, 121–122, 125, 135, 152, 262–265, 291, 302; see also styleshifting, stylization
- styleshifting24–25, 40, 92, 119–131, 135–136, 194, 291, 302; see also style, stylization
- stylization24–25, 38, 40–41, 102, 131, 291, 308, 313; see also style, styleshifting
- subforum56, 119–122, 125, 263, 275, 281; see also Nairaland, web forum
- swearing see uncensored language
T
- tagging56–57, 64, 66, 312; see also corpora
- term of address164–165, 170–171, 174, 176, 178, 181–182, 215, 262, 277–279, 291–292
- third-generation immigrant19; see also first-generation immigrant, second-generation immigrant
- tribalism42
- trolling36, 117, 280
- truncated repertoire31, 109, 233, 250–251; see also repertoire
- typographical error45, 98, 117, 160–161, 268–269
- typography1, 34, 129–130; see also capitalization
- uncensored language27, 66, 94, 98, 108, 112, 127, 137, 183, 199–200, 218, 226–227, 273–274, 286–290, 308; see also augmentation, n-word
U
- Urban Dictionary89, 99, 126, 137, 181, 185, 191
V
- virtual community see online community
- virtual ethnography57, 60–63, 312; see also ethnography
- voice27, 30, 37–38, 130–131, 253, 282–283
W
- Web 2.048, 94, 280
- web forum5–6, 37–38, 48–54, 56, 61–62, 66, 69, 94, 111, 124–125, 239, 249, 268, 278, 280, 301–302, 311–312; see also flaming, lurking, subforum, trolling
- Whites3, 43–44, 65, 71, 73–74, 77, 81, 83–84, 86, 137–138, 175–176, 186, 202, 212, 265, 278–280, 286–287, 289; see also race
- word-formation177, 185, 260–261, 265–267, 275; see also abbreviation, blending, clipping, reduplication
- wordplay177, 179, 186, 236, 244–245; see also playfulness
Y
- y’all87–88, 212–218, 277–279, 293, 308
- Yoruba10–11, 18, 50–51, 76, 120, 188, 235–236, 248–253, 262, 271–272, 310; see also Hausa, Igbo
