ICE-GB is a 1 million-word corpus of contemporary British English. It is fully parsed, and contains over 83,000 syntactic trees. Together with the dedicated retrieval software, ICECUP, ICE-GB is an unprecedented resource for the study of English syntax.
Exploring Natural Language is a comprehensive guide to both corpus and software. It contains a full reference for ICE-GB. The chapters on ICECUP provide complete instructions on the use of the many features of the software, including concordancing, lexical and grammatical searches, sociolinguistic queries, random sampling, and searching for syntactic structures using ICECUP's Fuzzy Tree Fragment models. Special attention is given to the principles of experimental design in a parsed corpus.
Six case studies provide step-by-step illustrations of how the corpus and software can be used to explore real linguistic issues, from simple lexical studies to more complex syntactic topics, such as noun phrase structure, verb transitivity, and voice.
Evert, Stephanie, Timm Weber, Steffen Bothe, Philipp Heinrich & Alexander Piperski
2025. 303Data exploitation: corpus queries. In Harmonizing language data, ► pp. 303 ff.
Fernández-Pena, Yolanda & Javier Pérez-Guerra
2025. An Ecology of Fragmentary Constructions in English: A Corpus-Driven Cognitive Categorisation. In How to Do Things with Corpora [Linguistik in Empirie und Theorie/Empirical and Theoretical Linguistics, ], ► pp. 91 ff.
Fuchs, Robert
2025. Influencing People Around the Globe. In Manipulation, Influence and Deception, ► pp. 135 ff.
Huang, Nick, Li Lin, Kunmei Han, Jia Wen Hing, Luwen Cao, Vincent Ooi & Zhiming Bao
2025. Actually: function, position and prosody. English Language and Linguistics► pp. 1 ff.
Silvano, Purificação, María Gómez González & João Cordeiro
2025. Tag questions in English and Portuguese monologues: types, features, and functions. Linguistics Vanguard
Chmarzyńska, Aleksandra
2024. A corpus-driven analysis of the usage patterns of adverb indeed. Forum Filologiczne Ateneum :1(12)2024 ► pp. 27 ff.
Goschler, Juliana & Anatol Stefanowitsch
2024. Constructional Transfer in L2 Learning: The Role of Entrenchment. Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 72:3 ► pp. 283 ff.
Love, Robbie
2024. Introduction: Innovation in spoken corpus linguistics. Research in Corpus Linguistics 12:2 ► pp. i ff.
Ng, Chi Wui
2024. Relative clauses in written Hong Kong English: a corpus-based study of untimed student essays. Asian Englishes 26:2 ► pp. 372 ff.
Salbrina, Sharbawi, David Deterding & Mohamad Nur Raihan
2024. Morphology and Syntax. In Brunei English [Multilingual Education, 48], ► pp. 75 ff.
Silvano, Purificação & María Gómez González
2024. Developing a Comparative Model of Predicted Associations for Invariable Question Tag Types in British English and European Portuguese. In Constructional and Cognitive Explorations of Contrastive Linguistics, ► pp. 173 ff.
2023. Detecting and Analysing Learner Difficulties Using a Learner Corpus Without Error Tagging. In Demystifying Corpus Linguistics for English Language Teaching, ► pp. 229 ff.
Schultze-Berndt, Eva
2022. When subjects frame the clause: discontinuous noun phrases as an iconic strategy for marking thetic constructions. Linguistics 60:3 ► pp. 865 ff.
SCHÜTZLER, OLE & JENNY HERZKY
2022. Modal verbs of strong obligation in Scottish Standard English. English Language and Linguistics 26:1 ► pp. 133 ff.
Vetter, Fabian
2022. Comparing Approaches to (Sub-)Register Variation. In Data and Methods in Corpus Linguistics, ► pp. 75 ff.
Wallis, Sean & Seth Mehl
2022. Comparing Baselines for Corpus Analysis. In Data and Methods in Corpus Linguistics, ► pp. 101 ff.
Beňuš, Štefan
2021. Fundamental Concepts. In Investigating Spoken English, ► pp. 7 ff.
Butler, Alastair
2021. Knowledge Acquisition from Natural Language with Treebank Semantics and $$\mathcal{F}\textsc {lora}$$-2. In New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 12758], ► pp. 37 ff.
Butler, Alastair
2023. Parsed Corpus Development with a Quick Access Interface. In New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 13856], ► pp. 212 ff.
Dash, Niladri Sekhar
2021. Syntactic Annotation. In Language Corpora Annotation and Processing, ► pp. 221 ff.
Gries, Stefan Th.
2021. (Generalized Linear) Mixed‐Effects Modeling: A Learner Corpus Example. Language Learning 71:3 ► pp. 757 ff.
2020. Constructions in English Grammar. In The Handbook of English Linguistics, ► pp. 277 ff.
Crible, Ludivine & Vera Demberg
2020. When Do We Leave Discourse Relations Underspecified? The Effect of Formality and Relation Type. Discours :26
Kim, Wonseok & Seok-Chae Rhee
2020. Factor Analysis on Subject Relativizer Alternation. English Studies 101:2 ► pp. 214 ff.
KRUGER, HAIDEE & BERTUS VAN ROOY
2020. A multifactorial analysis of contact-induced change in speech reporting in written White South African English (WSAfE). English Language and Linguistics 24:1 ► pp. 179 ff.
Leonarduzzi, Laetitia & Sophie Herment
2020. Subordinate Interrogatives and Subordination in Oral Speech: Syntax and Prosody. Linx :80
Martinez-Rodriguez, Jose L., Aidan Hogan, Ivan Lopez-Arevalo & Andreas Hotho
2020. Information extraction meets the Semantic Web: A survey. Semantic Web 11:2 ► pp. 255 ff.
Wang, Qian
2020. A corpus-based contrastive analysis ofI thinkin spoken Hong Kong English: Research from the International Corpus of English (ICE). Australian Journal of Linguistics 40:3 ► pp. 319 ff.
Williams, Christopher
2020. Review of Fanego, Teresa and Paula Rodríguez-Puente eds. 2019. Corpus-based Research on Variation in English Legal Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ISBN: 978-9-027-20235-2. https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.91. Research in Corpus Linguistics 8 ► pp. 178 ff.
Dash, Niladri Sekhar & L. Ramamoorthy
2019. Corpus and Some Other Domains. In Utility and Application of Language Corpora, ► pp. 219 ff.
Davis, Daniel R.
2019. World Englishes and Descriptive Grammars. In The Handbook of World Englishes, ► pp. 507 ff.
Gabarró-López, Sílvia
2019. When the Meaning of Same Is Not Restricted to Likeness: A Preliminary Study from the Perspective of Discourse Relational Devices in Two Sign Languages. Discours :24
Hundt, Marianne
2019. Corpus-Based Approaches to World Englishes. In The Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes, ► pp. 506 ff.
2018. Digital Text Corpora (Part 1). In History, Features, and Typology of Language Corpora, ► pp. 187 ff.
Dash, Niladri Sekhar & S. Arulmozi
2018. Nature of Text Application. In History, Features, and Typology of Language Corpora, ► pp. 85 ff.
DOBASHI, YOSHIHITO
2018. <i>Parentheticals in Spoken English: The Syntax-Prosody</i><i> Relation </i>. ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 35:1 ► pp. 173 ff.
Heeringa, Wilbert, Femke Swarte, Anja Schüppert & Charlotte Gooskens
2018. Measuring syntactical variation in Germanic texts. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 33:2 ► pp. 279 ff.
Kirk, John & Gerald Nelson
2018. The International Corpus of English project: A progress report. World Englishes 37:4 ► pp. 697 ff.
Mehl, Seth
2018. Corpus onomasiology in world Englishes and the concrete verbsmakeandgive. World Englishes 37:2 ► pp. 185 ff.
MEHL, SETH
2019. Light verb semantics in theInternational Corpus of English: onomasiological variation, identity evidence and degrees of lightness. English Language and Linguistics 23:1 ► pp. 55 ff.
Mehl, Seth
2021. What we talk about when we talk about corpus frequency: The example of polysemous verbs with light and concrete senses. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 17:1 ► pp. 223 ff.
Shibuya, Yoshikata & Kim Ebensgaard Jensen
2018. Revisiting Hudson’s (1992) OO = O2 hypothesis: a usage-based variationist approach to the English ditransitive construction. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 50:1 ► pp. 73 ff.
Simonin, Olivier
2018. The mirative and scalar meaning of even. Anglophonia 26
2015. “Will you fuck off please”. The use of please by London teenagers. Pragmática Sociocultural / Sociocultural Pragmatics 3:2 ► pp. 127 ff.
Aijmer, Karin
2022. “Well He’s Sick Anyway Like”: Anyway in Irish English. Corpus Pragmatics 6:2 ► pp. 101 ff.
Flöck, Ilka & Ronald Geluykens
2015. Speech Acts in Corpus Pragmatics: A Quantitative Contrastive Study of Directives in Spontaneous and Elicited Discourse. In Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics 2015 [Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics, 3], ► pp. 7 ff.
HIRAMOTO, MIE
2015. Sentence‐final adverbs in Singapore English and Hong Kong English. World Englishes 34:4 ► pp. 636 ff.
2014. On the genitive's trail: data and method from a sociolinguistic perspective. English Language and Linguistics 18:2 ► pp. 305 ff.
DEHÉ, NICOLE & BETTINA BRAUN
2013. The prosody of question tags in English. English Language and Linguistics 17:1 ► pp. 129 ff.
Deterding, David & Salbrina Sharbawi
2013. Morphology and Syntax. In Brunei English [Multilingual Education, 4], ► pp. 49 ff.
Gaillat, Thomas
2013. This et that dans les domaines spécialisés du corpus ICE-GB : quelles caractéristiques distributionnelles ?. ASp 64 ► pp. 161 ff.
Gut, Ulrike & Robert Fuchs
2013. Progressive Aspect in Nigerian English. Journal of English Linguistics 41:3 ► pp. 243 ff.
Mesthrie, Rajend
2013. Analyzing Sociolinguistic Variation in Multilingual Contexts. In Research Methods in Sociolinguistics, ► pp. 276 ff.
Vyatkina, Nina
2013. Discovery Learning and Teaching with Electronic Corpora in an Advanced German Grammar Course. Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German 46:1 ► pp. 44 ff.
Wiechmann, Daniel & Arne Lohmann
2013. Domain minimization and beyond: Modeling prepositional phrase ordering. Language Variation and Change 25:1 ► pp. 65 ff.
Bowie, Jill & Bas Aarts
2012. Change in the English infinitival perfect construction. In The Oxford Handbook of the History of English, ► pp. 200 ff.
Sand, Andrea
2012. Corpus Analysis of English as a World Language. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics,
2009. Clausal parentheticals, intonational phrasing, and prosodic theory. Journal of Linguistics 45:3 ► pp. 569 ff.
Dehé, Nicole
2015. The intonation of the Icelandic other-initiated repair expressionsHa‘Huh’ andHvað segirðu/Hvað sagðirðu‘What do/did you say’. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 38:2 ► pp. 189 ff.
2011. Sebastian Hoffmann, Stefan Evert, Nicholas Smith, David Lee and Ylva Berglund Prytz, Corpus linguistics with BNCweb – a practical guide (English Corpus Linguistics 6). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2008. Pp. xii + 288. - Wendy Anderson and John Corbett, Exploring English with online corpora: An introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. Pp. xiii + 205.. English Language and Linguistics 15:3 ► pp. 558 ff.
Kallen, Jeffrey C. & John Kirk
2007. ICE-Ireland: Local Variations on Global Standards. In Creating and Digitizing Language Corpora, ► pp. 121 ff.
Min, Kyongho, William H. Wilson & Byeong-Ho Kang
2007. Effectiveness of Methods for Syntactic and Semantic Recognition of Numeral Strings: Tradeoffs Between Number of Features and Length of Word N-Grams. In AI 2007: Advances in Artificial Intelligence [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 4830], ► pp. 445 ff.
2006. Comparison of Numeral Strings Interpretation: Rule-Based and Feature-Based N-Gram Methods. In AI 2006: Advances in Artificial Intelligence [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 4304], ► pp. 1226 ff.
Nelson, Gerald
2006. The core and periphery of world Englishes: a corpus‐based exploration. World Englishes 25:1 ► pp. 115 ff.
Nelson, Gerald
2019. World Englishes and Corpora Studies. In The Handbook of World Englishes, ► pp. 523 ff.
Zhiming, Bao & Hong Huaqing
2006. Diglossia and register variation in Singapore English. World Englishes 25:1 ► pp. 105 ff.
Hoffmann, Thomas
2005. Variable vs. Categorical Effects. Journal of English Linguistics 33:3 ► pp. 257 ff.
2020. Marginal Argument Structure constructions: the [VtheNtaboo-wordout of]-construction in Post-colonial Englishes. Linguistics Vanguard 6:1
Hoffmann, Thomas
2021. The Cognitive Foundation of Post-colonial Englishes,
Keizer, Evelien
2005. The Discourse Function of Close Appositions. Neophilologus 89:3 ► pp. 447 ff.
Bolton, Kingsley
2004. World Englishes. In The Handbook of Applied Linguistics, ► pp. 367 ff.
Bolton, Kingsley
2005. Where WE stands: approaches, issues, and debate in world Englishes. World Englishes 24:1 ► pp. 69 ff.
Bolton, Kingsley
2012. Varieties of World Englishes. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics,
Bolton, Kingsley
2012. World Englishes and Asian Englishes: A survey of the field. In English as an International Language in Asia: Implications for Language Education [Multilingual Education, 1], ► pp. 13 ff.
Bolton, Kingsley
2018. World Englishes and Second Language Acquisition. World Englishes 37:1 ► pp. 5 ff.
Bolton, Kingsley
2019. World Englishes. In The Handbook of World Englishes, ► pp. 741 ff.
McCarthy, Michael & Anne O'Keeffe
2004. 2. RESEARCH IN THE TEACHING OF SPEAKING. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 24 ► pp. 26 ff.
Paradis, Carita
2004. Where Does Metonymy Stop? Senses, Facets, and Active Zones. Metaphor and Symbol 19:4 ► pp. 245 ff.
Paradis, Carita
2005. Ontologies and Construals in Lexical Semantics. Axiomathes 15:4 ► pp. 541 ff.
Schneider, Edgar W.
2004. How to trace structural nativization: particle verbs in world Englishes. World Englishes 23:2 ► pp. 227 ff.
Wichmann, Anne
2004. The intonation of Please-requests: a corpus-based study. Journal of Pragmatics 36:9 ► pp. 1521 ff.
Gilquin, Gaëtanelle
2003. Causative Get and Have. Journal of English Linguistics 31:2 ► pp. 125 ff.
2025. Persuasion and (New) Contexts of Use. In Manipulation, Influence and Deception, ► pp. 43 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 12 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.