Article published In: Translation and Translanguaging in Multilingual Contexts
Vol. 3:2 (2017) ► pp.210–228
Translation from L1 to L2 vs. direct writing
A new assessment model
Published online: 23 June 2017
https://doi.org/10.1075/ttmc.3.2.04jah
https://doi.org/10.1075/ttmc.3.2.04jah
Abstract
This study explores the issue of non-native speakers writing a text in their first language (L1) and then translating the text to the second language (L2) to enhance the final text in L2. Writing samples taken from 25 Iranian engineering students in an intermediate level compulsory general English as a foreign language class served as data. The students were provided with a form which instructed them to write their first essay in Farsi (L1) and then translate it into the foreign language, English. The compositions were suggested to be two paragraphs long to provide enough text to analyze. The second composition done by the same group of students a week later on a second topic was written directly in the target language (English). Each student’s work was evaluated in detail using a rating scale divided into two main sections, writing skills and effective writing. This study showed that intermediate level EFL students writing in L1 and then using a translation strategy did not produce better writing samples in L2 than when they wrote directly in L2.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Literature review
- 3.Research question
- 4.Methodology
- 4.1Participants
- 4.2Materials
- 4.3Data collection procedures
- 4.4Data analysis
- 5.Results
- 6.Discussion and conclusion
References
References (22)
Al-Btoosh, Mousa Abdelghani. 2004. Interlanguage Lexicology of Arab Students of English: A Computer Learner Corpus-based Approach. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Texas, TX: Arlington.
Brooks, Amanda W. 1996. An Examination of Native Language Processing in Foreign Language Writing. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Vanderbilt University, Nashville.
Cohen, Andrew D. 2000. Direct vs. Translated Writing: What Students Do and the Strategies they Use. A Research Grant Report Submitted to the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of Writing Technical Report Series No. 17. [URL]
Cohen, Andrew D., and Amanda Brooks-Carson. 2001. “Research on Direct versus Translated Writing: Student’s Strategies and their Results.” Modern Language Journal 851:169–188.
Council of Europe. 2001. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cumming, Alister. 1989. “Writing Expertise and Second Language Proficiency.” Language Learning 391: 81–141.
. 1990. “Metalinguistic and Ideational Thinking in Second-language Composing.” Written Communication 71: 482–511.
Cumming, Alister, and Abdol Mehdi Riazi. 2000. “Building Models of Second-language Writing Instruction and Achievement.” Learning and Instruction 101: 55–71.
Friedlander, Alexander. 1990. “Composing in English: Effects of a First Language on Writing in English as a Second Language.” In Second Language Writing: Research Insights for the Classroom, ed. by Barbara Kroll, 109–255. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hamp-Lyons, Liz. 1990. “Second Language Writing: Assessment Issues.” In Second Language Writing Assessment Issues and Options, ed. by Barbara Kroll. New York: Macmillan.
Hyland, Ken. 2008. “Small Bits of Textual Material: A Discourse Analysis of Swales’ Writing.” English for Specific Purposes 271: 143–160.
Jones, C. Stanley, and Jacqueline Tetroe. 1987. “Composing in a second language.” In Writing Real Time, ed. by Ann Matsuhashi, 34–57. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Kobayashi, Hiroe, and Carol Rinnet. 1992. “Effects of First Language on Second Language Writing: Translation vs. Direct Composition.” Language Learning 421:183–215
Lay, Nancy Duke S. 1988. “The Comforts of the First Language in Learning to Write.” Kaleidoscope 41: 15–18.
Liao, Po-Sen. 2006. “EFL Learners’ Beliefs about Strategy Use of Translation in English Learning.” Regional Language Centre Journal 37(2): 192–215.
Qi, Donald S. 1998. “An Inquiry into Language-switching in Second Language Composing Processes.” Canadian Modern Language Review 541: 413–435.
Rahime, Nur Aktas, and Viviana Cortes. 2008. “Shell Nouns as Cohesive Devices in Published and ESL Student Writing.” Journal of English for Academic Purposes 71: 3–14.
Raimes, Ann. 1987. “Language Proficiency, Writing Ability, and Composing Strategies: A Study of ESL College Student Writers.” Language Learning 31: 439–467.
Sasaki, Miyuki. 2000. “Toward an Empirical Model of EFL Writing Processes: An Exploratory Study.” Journal of Second Language Writing 91: 259–291.
Uzawa, Kozue, and Alister Cumming. 1989. “Writing Strategies in Japanese as a Foreign Language: Lowering or Keeping up the Standards.” Canadian Modern Language Review 461:178–194.
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 21 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
