Article published In: Computer-mediated communication in class: Fostering access to digital mediascapes
Edited by Stefania Maci and Marianna Lya Zummo
[Translation and Translanguaging in Multilingual Contexts 10:1] 2024
► pp. 74–93
Narrating/translating online plantation tourism
Published online: 9 February 2024
https://doi.org/10.1075/ttmc.00127.fed
https://doi.org/10.1075/ttmc.00127.fed
Abstract
The purpose of the essay is to conduct an analysis of plantation tourism websites in the USA South, measuring the degree to which the history of slavery remains (in)visible or is explained within online promotional texts like websites, and to outline if today the digital space can become a space for inclusivity and equality. The essay will be divided in two parts: the analysis of a corpus of 10 major Historical Plantations websites in order to outline the principal verbal and visual strategies used to portray the history of slavery in the American South, and a comparison of 3 websites which offer translations in Italian and/or French in order to outline differences, adaptations, omissions, changes in the target texts. The methodology used will refer to CDA, Social Semiotics and Tourism Translation with the primary aim of outlining all the aspects of a website as a multimodal text. The essay will offer the results of both a quantitative and qualitative analysis trying to show how plantations as tourist attractions are represented through linguistic, cultural, and visual choices that represent the tourist experience in a highly codified way, and to demonstrate how this representation is adapted into different languages/cultural contexts, often reducing information and useful data to attract international tourists, and simplifying the message.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 1.1Plantation tourism websites
- 2.Data, methodology, and typologies
- 2.1Typology 1: “Slaves as labourers”
- 2.1.1San Francisco Plantation website
- 2.1.2Magnolia Plantation and Gardens website
- 2.2Typology 2: “Slaves history as part of the tourist site”
- 2.2.1Middleton plantation
- 2.2.2Boone hall plantation
- 2.3Typology 3: Slavery as counter narrative
- 2.3.1Menokin plantation
- 2.3.2Somerset plantation
- 2.3.3Oak alley plantation
- 2.4Typology 4: Teaching inclusivity and equality
- 2.1Typology 1: “Slaves as labourers”
- 3.Translating plantation tourism into Italian
- 3.1Case studies: Laura a Creole Plantation and Whitney Plantation
- 3.1.1Laura a Creole plantation
- 3.1.2Whitney plantation
- 3.1Case studies: Laura a Creole Plantation and Whitney Plantation
- 4.Conclusions
- Notes
References
References (37)
Adamkiewicz, Ewa A. 2016. “White Nostalgia: The Absence of Slavery and the Commodification of White Plantation Nostalgia.” Aspeers 91: 13–31.
Adams, Jessica. 2007. Wounds of Returning. Race, Memory, and Property on the Post-slavery Plantation. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Alderman, Derek. 2010. “Surrogation and the Politics of Remembering Slavery in Savannah, Georgia (USA)” Journal of Historical Geography 361: 90–101.
Alderman, Derek, and Arnold Modlin. 2008. “(In)visibility of the Enslaved within Online Plantation Tourism Marketing: A Textual Analysis of North Carolina Websites.” Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 25 (3–4): 265–281.
Alderman, Derek, Eddie Modlin, and Glenn Gentry. 2011. “Tour Guides as Creators of Empathy: The Role of Affective Inequality Remarginalizing the Enslaved at Plantation House Museums.” Tourist Studies 11 (3): 3–19.
Alderman, Derek, David Butler, and Stephen Hanna. 2016. “Memory, Slavery and Plantation Musuems: The River Road Project.” Journal of Heritage Museum 11 (3): 209–318.
Alderman, Derek, Candace Bright, and David Butler. 2018. “Tourist Plantation Owners and Slavery: A Complex Relationship.” Current Issues in Tourism 21 (15):1743–1760.
Azaryahu, Maoz, and Kenneth Foote. 2008. “Historical Space as Narrative Medium: on the Configuration of Spatial Narratives of Time at Historical Sites.” GeoJournal 73(3): 179–194.
Baggio, Rodolfo. 2003. “A Websites Analysis of European Tourism Organizations.” Anatolia. An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research 14 (2): 93–106.
Bright, Candace, Derek Alderman, and David Butler. 2016. “Tourist Plantation Owners and Slavery: A Complex Relationship.” Current Issues in Tourism 2016: 1–18.
Butler, David. 2001. “Whitewashing Plantations: The Commodification of a Slave-Free Antebellum South.” International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration 2 (3/4): 163–175.
Butler, David, Perry Carter, and Owen Dwyer. 2008. “Imagining Plantation Slavery Dominant Narratives and the Foreign Born.” Southern Geographer 48 (3): 288–302.
Buzinde, Christine N., and Osagie Iyunolu. 2011. “Slavery Heritage Representations: Cultural Citizenship and Judicial Politics in America.” Historical Geography 391: 41–64.
Calvente, Lisa, and Guadalupe Garcia. 2022. “A Haunting Presence: Archiving Black Presence and Racialised Mapping in Lousiana Plantation Sites.” Cultural Studies 36 (1): 21–40.
Carter, Perry L. 2016. “Where are the Enslaved? TripAdvisor and the Narrative Landscape of Southern Plantation Museums.” Journal of Heritage Tourism 11 (3): 235–249.
Chronis, Athinodoros. 2012. “Tourists as Story_Builders: Narrative Construction at a Heritage Museum.” Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 29 (5): 444–459.
Cook, Matthew. 2015. “Counter Narratives of Slavery in the Deep South: The Politics of Empathy along and beyond River Road.” Journal of Heritage Tourism 11 (3): 290–308.
Eichstedt, Jennifer L., and Stephen Small. 2002. Representations of Slavery: Race and Ideology in Southern Plantation Museums. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institute Press.
Enelow Snyder, Sarah. 2021. “An Ethical Guide to Plantation Tours.” Condé Nast Traveller May 20. Accessed October 1, 2022. [URL]
Felton, Ariel. 2021. “These are our Ancestors: Descendants of Enslaved People are Shifting Plantation Tourism.” The Washington Post, October 1. Accessed October 1, 2022. [URL]
Gallas, Kristin, and Dewolf Perry. 2015. “Comprehensive Content and Contested Historical Narratives.” In African American History and Culture at Museums and Historic Sites, ed. by Mary van Balgooy, 13–25. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.
Golanksa, Dorota. 2020. “Against the ‘Moonlight and Magnolia’ Myth of the American South. A New materialist Approach to the Dissonant Heritage of Slavery in the US: The Case of Whitney Plantation in Wallace, LA.” Muzeologia a kulturna dedicstvo 8 (4): 137–160.
Hallett, Richard, and Judith Kaplan Weinger. 2010. Official Tourism Websites: A Discourse Analysis Perspective. Bristol: Channel View publications.
Hanna, Stephen. 2015. “Placing the Enslaved at Oak Valley Plantation: Narratives, Spatial Contexts, and the Limits of Surrogation.” Journal of Heritage Tourism 11 (3): 219–234.
Hanna, Stephen, Derek Alderman, and Frances Forbes Bright. 2018. “From Celebratory Landscapes to Dark Tourism Sites? Exploring the Design of Southern Plantation Museums.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Dark Tourism Studies, ed. by Philip Stone, and Rudi Hartmann, 399–421. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Harnay, Melanie. 2022. “Slavery and Plantation Tourism in Lousiana: Deconstructing the Romanticized Narrative of the Plantation Tours.” Mondes du tourisme 211: 1–18.
Latour, Bruno. 1999. Pandora’s Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Liu Jia, Zhang Jie, and Wall Geoffrey. 2008. “The Geographical Space of China’s Tourism Websites.” Tourism Geographies 10 (1): 66–80.
Marmillion, Norman, and Warren Sand Marmillion, eds. 2020. Laura Loucoul Gore: Memories of the Old Plantation Home and a Creole Family Album. Vacherie, LA: The Zoe Company.
Pickney, Amber. 2020. “Rethinking Plantation Tourism”. Accessed October 29, 2022. [URL]
Rapson, Jessica. 2020. “Refining Memory: Sugar, Oil and Plantation Tourism on Lousiana’s River Road.” Memory Studies 13 (4): 752–766.
Ritu, Prasad. 2019. “The Akward Question about Slavery from Tourists in US South”, BBC News October 2. Accessed October 2, 2022. [URL]
Speakman, Stephanie. “World of the Bayou and the Plantation.” The New York Times September 1998. Accessed October 1, 2022. [URL]
Stone, Philip. 2006. “A Dark Tourism Spectrum: Towards a Typology of Death and Macabre Related Tourist Sites, Attractions and Exhibitions.” Tourism: An Interdisciplinary International Journal 54(2): 145–160.
Tarlow, Peter. 2005. “Dark Tourism: The Appealing ‘Dark Side’ of Tourism and More.” In Niche Tourism – Contemporary Issues, Trends and Cases, ed. by Marina Novelli, 47–58. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.
Tillery, Alisha. 2020. “It’s Time to Shut Down Plantation Weddings and Rethink Plantation Tourism.” Momentum. Accessed October 10, 2022. [URL]
