Introducing inclusive subtitles

In recent years, numerous variations of subtitling approaches, which have been variously defined as enriched, creative, dynamic, emotive (Neves 2018Neves, Joselia. 2018. “Subtitling for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Audiences: Moving forward.” In The Routledge Handbook of Audiovisual Translation, ed. by Luis Pérez-González, 82–95. London: Routledge. ), but also ‘creactive’ (Sala Robert 2016Sala Robert, Èlia. 2016. “Creactive Subtitles. Subtitling for all.” PhD diss., Universitat Pompeu Fabra. UPF Digital Repository. Accessed May 30, 2022. [URL]), have been put forward by scholars in the attempt to diversify and expand the audiences’ access to audiovisual products through subtitles. Also, there has been a significant growth in international film festivals which, alongside long-established festivals, have contributed to providing audiences with a cultural window on the world. In Italy, for example, there are hundreds of film festivals, which vary in terms of size, subject-matter, and genre.

Against the backdrop of recent research on audience(s) attending film festivals (Di Giovanni 2020Di Giovanni, Elena. 2020. La traduzione audiovisiva e i suoi pubblici. Napoli: Paolo Goffredo Editore.), accessibility studies (Greco 2018Greco, Gian Maria. 2018. “The Nature of Accessibility Studies.” Journal of Audiovisual Translation 1 (1): 205–232. ), and preferences and familiarity with various types of subtitles for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing people (Romero-Fresco 2015Romero-Fresco, P. (ed.). 2015. The Reception of Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing in Europe. Bern: Peter Lang.), this paper aims to introduce the notion of inclusive subtitling and to propose guidelines and applications within the context of accessible film festivals and cultural events. The corpus for this empirical study consists of the short films competing in the eleventh and twelfth editions of the Sicilia Queer Film Fest, inclusively subtitled. Results will prove that ‘inclusive subtitles’ have the potential to cater to more varied needs, embracing settings such as film festivals, theatres, museums, galleries, and similar cultural contexts. In line with Greco’s (2018)Greco, Gian Maria. 2018. “The Nature of Accessibility Studies.” Journal of Audiovisual Translation 1 (1): 205–232. universalist approach, and in contrast with the recent introduction of the term by Martínez-Lorenzo (2020)Martínez-Lorenzo, Mercedes. 2020. “Subtitling for Social and Language Minorities: Subtitling of Oral Errors and Dialectal Features in the Case of Minoritised Languages.” Journal of Audiovisual Translation 3 (2): 310–327. applied to minoritised languages, inclusive subtitles is an expression that refers to intralingual or interlingual subtitles, open or closed (with the aid of external tools, such as an app) and applied specifically to film festivals.