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In:Nominalization in Languages of the Americas:
Edited by Roberto Zariquiey, Masayoshi Shibatani and David W. Fleck
[Typological Studies in Language 124] 2019
► pp. 15–167

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Chapter 2
What is nominalization? Towards the theoretical foundations of nominalization

 | Rice University
Published online: 8 August 2019
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https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.124.02shi
過而不改、是謂過矣
(孔子)
This paper discusses foundational issues in nominalization, focusing on empirical, conceptual, and theoretical problems that have plagued the field for years. Current definitions of nominalization are based on narrow observations on verbal-based nominalizations, while languages across the globe display nominal-based ones, many of which share morphology with the former. Nominalization morphology in many languages also applies to units larger than words, yielding grammatical nominalizations besides lexical nominalizations. The imbalance in the past studies, which have focused on so-called relative clauses at the expense of grammatical nominalizations, has resulted in a lopsided view on the relationship between the two. This, in turn, has led to the mishandling of different manifestations of nominalizations as if they are derivatives of relative clauses, as suggested by the widely used terms such as “headless relative clause” and “internally-headed relative clause”. We demonstrate that these, including the ordinary restrictive relative clause, are not independent grammatical structures but are epiphenomena arising from the uses of grammatical nominalizations. A clear distinction between structures and their use is a theoretical prerequisite in arriving at a satisfactory understanding of the nature of grammatical nominalizations and their role in grammar.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Defining nominalization
    • 2.1Nominalization as a metonymic process
    • 2.2Meaning range and the nature of lexical nominalizations
    • 2.3Inputs to nominalization processes
    • 2.4Outputs of nominalization processes
  • 3.Verbal-based grammatical nominalization
    • 3.1Event nominalizations
    • 3.2Argument nominalizations
      • 3.2.1Role markers
  • 4.Formal representations of verbal-based nominalizations
  • 5.Structures and their use
    • 5.1NP-use and modification-use of grammatical nominalizations
    • 5.2NP-use of event nominalizations: So-called “internally-headed RCs”
    • 5.3NP-use of event nominalizations: So-called “complement clauses”
    • 5.4NP-use of argument nominalizations: So-called “headless/free relative clauses”
    • 5.5Modification-use of argument nominalizations: So-called “relative clauses”
  • 6.Sentences, clauses, and nominalizations
    • 6.1Tense and nominalization
    • 6.2Functional definitions of clauses, sentences, and nominalizations
    • 6.3Insubordination
    • 6.4Evidence that nominalizations are not clauses or sentences
      • 6.4.1Plural marking
      • 6.4.2Classifier marking
  • 7.Nominal-based nominalizations
  • 8.Structure, use, and form
    • 8.1From NP-use markers to nominalizers
  • 9.Summary and implications
    • 9.1Implications
  • Acknowledgements
  • List of less commonly used abbreviations
  • Notes
  • References
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2024. Semi-embedded clauses in Aisi. Functions of Language 31:2 ► pp. 115 ff. DOI logo
Kumar, Rajesh & Om Prakash
2023. Introduction. In Language Studies in India, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Pardeshi, Prashant & Masayoshi Shibatani
2023. Marathi Relative and Complement Clauses in Nominalization Perspective. In Language Studies in India, ► pp. 321 ff. DOI logo
Pérez-Leroux, Ana T., Yves Roberge, Manami Hirayama, Midori Hayashi & Kazuya Bamba
2023. On the L1 acquisition of recursive no in Japanese. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 68:2 ► pp. 163 ff. DOI logo
Chacon, Thiago Costa
2022. Gender and Noun Class Markers in Kubeo (Tukanoan). Faits de Langues 52:2 ► pp. 11 ff. DOI logo
Juanatey, Mayra
2022. Nominalización en quichua santiagueño: del léxico a la cláusula. Cuadernos de Lingüística de El Colegio de México 9 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Nagaya, Naonori
2022. Prashant Pardeshi and Kaoru Horie (eds.): Nihongo to sekai no gengo no meisisyuusyoku-hyoogen . Journal of Japanese Linguistics 38:2 ► pp. 279 ff. DOI logo
Shagal, Ksenia, Pavel Rudnev & Anna Volkova
2022. Multifunctionality and syncretism in non-finite forms: an introduction. Folia Linguistica 56:3 ► pp. 529 ff. DOI logo
Ciucci, Luca
2021. From Fieldwork to Reconstruction: Historical Issues in Hotspots of Linguistic Diversity*. Studia Linguistica 75:2 ► pp. 165 ff. DOI logo
Cúneo, Paola
2021. Foco estrecho y corrrección de expectativas. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas 21 ► pp. e021006 ff. DOI logo
Li, Fanxi
2021. On the conditional marker “zhě”(者). International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 8:2 ► pp. 204 ff. DOI logo
Seraku, Tohru
2021. Mi-nominalizations in JapaneseWakamono Kotoba‘youth language’. Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 31:2 ► pp. 278 ff. DOI logo
Seraku, Tohru & Nana Tohyama
2020. Grammatical nominalization in Yoron Ryukyuan. Studies in Language 44:4 ► pp. 879 ff. DOI logo
González, Albert Álvarez
2019. The ‘relative’ illusion and the origin of non-subject nominalizers in Cahita (Uto-Aztecan). In Nominalization in Languages of the Americas [Typological Studies in Language, 124], ► pp. 301 ff. DOI logo
Valle, Daniel & Roberto Zariquiey
2019. Clausal nominalization in Kakataibo (Panoan). In Nominalization in Languages of the Americas [Typological Studies in Language, 124], ► pp. 515 ff. DOI logo
Zariquiey, Roberto
2019. Nominalization and switch-reference in Iskonawa (Panoan, Peru). In Nominalization in Languages of the Americas [Typological Studies in Language, 124], ► pp. 537 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 7 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

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