Subject index

doi:10.1075/tsl.118.si

In:Egophoricity
Edited by Simeon Floyd, Elisabeth Norcliffe and Lila San Roque
[Typological Studies in Language 118] 2018
► pp. 499–505

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Subject index

Published online: 25 April 2018

https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.118.si

A

A/B-event 363, 366

access (to knowledge/to an event) 3, 7n2, 9, 270, 348–349, 366–370, 424, 426
- differential access15, Chapter 5
- direct access 93–94, 131, 181, 323, 457–458
- exclusive access129
- information access (symmetric/asymmetric) 182, 184, 188, 193
- mutual/equal access 39, 449
- privileged access 2, 7, 9–10, 15, 66–67, Chapter 2, 119, 131, 183, 211, 212, 216, 416, 418, 424, 431, 458, 463, 490 ; see also epistemic access

accident see volition

acquisition Chapter 14492

actor 19–21, 29, 41, 62, 81–86, 101, 130–132, 142, 155, 271–272, 284–285, 287, 294–295, 298n17, 299, 311, 316, 338, 380–382, 475–476

addressee interrogative see question

adjacency pair102 see also question-answer pair

advice-giving 11, 157

affectedness 19n5, 21, 22–24, 327, 332–334, 336–337, 397n10

agency 20, 24, 31, 92, 283, 423, 449
- agent 10, 20, 85, 91, 93, 101, 297, 327, 330, 448–449, 475, 478–479, 487–488, 490
- agentive/patientive (egophoric form) 19, 23
- agentivity 19, 23, 54, 56, 124, 275, 276, 277n6, 295, 298n17, 299, 311, 334
- personal agency marker326

agreement see person marking

alterphoric 8, 19, 110, 128, 134

ambiguity, resolution of 49, 157–158, 228, 280

Amdo Sprachbund 37, 173–174, 189–190, 193, 198, 231–232

analogic change 45, 247, 249, 259, 260, 262

animacy 16–17, 81, 88, 272–273

annoyance, expression of 34, 188, 213–215

answer, expectations concerning 27, 122, 156, 163, 210, 286, 287, 353, 360–363, 379, 387, 426 ; see also anticipation, rule of; question-answer sequence

anticipation, rule of 278, 280, 287, 290–291, 299, 306, 361, 381, 384, 391, 458, 475–477, 485, 490

areality 36–41, 167, 170, 189–192, 193, 235, 263, 378, 444

aspect (and egophoricity) 16, 57, 87, 99, 113, 134, 143, 145, 176, 179–180, 182, 274, 325
- aspectual auxiliary 89–91, 93–100
- completive 90, 93
- current relevance90
- durative 240, 249, 250, 253, 255–259, 314, 486
- imperfective/perfective 3, 16, 19, 22, 25, 26, 38, 44, 80–84, 90, 92, 99, Chapter 3, 143, 145, 146, 150, 179–180, 200, 203, 228, 236, 238, 243, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 253, 255, 256, 257, 260, 264, 397, 492
- mirativity and 114, 116, 117, 127–128
- origin of egophoric markers and 43–44, Chapter 8
- perfect 44, 90
- progressive 116, 155n2, 198n2, 248
- resultative 44, 176, 200n7, 240, 242, 243, 244, 251, 264, 325, 328–329

assertion 8, 33, 34, 54, 88, 132, 146, 156, 165, 209, 212–213, 220, 288, 309, 321, 351, 361, 363, 458, 463, 479
- assertion of confidence 212, 221
- assertion of primary knowerhood/epistemic authority 18, 21, 28–29, 31, 34, 36, 53, 66, 131, 311, 416, 466, 480
- assertive contexts, restriction to 332, 334
- assertive modality39
- assertiveness 30–31, 33, 34, 422, 451, 462
- counter-assertive275

assertor role 8, 309, 311, 318, 350, 378, 380

asymmetry
- of epistemic access 101–102, 182, 184, 188, 270, 355, 367, 371, 440, 450
- of power184 see also egophoric distribution

attitude report 307, 315, 474 ; see also logophoricity; reported speech

auditory evidence 383, 390 ; see also sensory evidential

auxiliary (verb) 43, 89–91, 94–100, 120n9, 176, 177–178, 180–182, 190, 192, 203, 314, 322, 325, 330–336, 356

B

best possible grounds (evidential) 54, 274, 288, 323–326

binary distinction 16, 38, 55, 59, 117, 148, 169, 199–200, 226–228, 236, 242, 279, 318, 367

boasting 208, 218

bodily (process/state) 184, 294, 356–357, 413, 488 ; see also volition

borrowing 110n1, 192, 202n9, 238, 239, 251–252, 254, 317n11

broad/narrow definition (of egophoricity, evidentiality) 2, 9, 19, 27, 41, 48, 52, 57, 66–68, 273, 277, 326, 406

Buddhism 96, 110n1, 170, 174

C

case marking 186–187, 272–273, 289–292, 297, 299–300

causative 14, 89–100

certainty 30–31, 129, 133, 134, 184, 188, 209, 211, 236, 242, 254, 274, 323, 329, 423, 427
- uncertainty 128, 129, 134, 157, 187, 285, 360

clause-chaining 18, 383

closeness see intimacy

co-reference (in reported speech) 45, 62–64, 83–84, 147–148, 182, 204–206, 308, 327, 339, 350–351, 475–476

cognitive state 97, 354, 356–357 ; see also access, volition

command 34, 35n12, 246n12, 462n12
- directive 18, 418
- imperative 18, 89, 91, 180, 228, 408n1, 420, 453, 462n12
- response to a command 427, 459

commitment (of speaker/addressee) 184, 187, 274, 348, 359, 360–362, 427

common ground 141, 367 ; see also shared knowledge

common knowledge (evidential) 124n11, 159, 166, 178

complex perspective see perspective

complex predicate 291, 291n14

concern, expression of 210, 228

confirmation189
- confirmation, request for 35n12, 364, 451–453, 458
- confirmative suffix 243, 251

congruence (and sentence type markers) 356, 363, 366

congruent/non-congruent 8, 60, 283, 286, 307, 477, 483, 485, 487, 488

conjunct-disjunct 8, 33, 45, 49–50, 57, 62–64, 79–80, 84–86, 109, 116–117, 142, 147, 148, 167n5, 177, 198, 206, 221, 229, 230, 252n15, 277, 306, 347, Chapter 12, 407, 413, 419, 438, Chapter 15

conservative dialect252

conservative register94

constatif 380

contact see language contact

contact language see lingua franca

content interrogative/question see question

control 92, 93, 121, 146, 155, 178, 186, 209, 211, 222, 285, 294, 349, 350, 358, 416, 418, 427, 432, 488
- control/non-control verb 80–83, 85, 86, 90, 91, 204n12, 475
- lack of control 150, 160, 186–187, 203–204, 208, 210, 213–214, 227, 255, 289, 290, 417, 423

conversation (genre or data) 82n4, 90, 91, 126, 130, 131, 133, 187, 188, Chapter 7, 230, Chapter 9, 410n2, 422, 425, 429n7, Chapter 14

conversation analysis361

copula 11–13, 17, 32, 42–43, 46, 112–113, 119–120, 122, 178–179, 192, 200, 228, 236, 247, 248, 260, 294, 313n7, 335–336

coreference see co-reference

creolization173

cyclical change307

D

de se 85n6, 307, 326, 338, Chapter 15

default
- choice of marking 61, 81–83, 121, 132, 237, 238, 243, 245, 367
- distributional pattern 9–11, 18, 24–27, 85
- epistemic gradient 361, 361n11, 364
- inference/interpretation 11n4, 47, 85, 133, 178, 180, 190, 279
- lexical semantics 81, 85

deictic centre or deictic shift 64–65, 392, 393, 394, 419 ; see also perspective

denial 33, 220, 215

deontic (modality) 454, 462n12

desiderative 157, 293–294

diachrony (of egophoricity) 28n11, 41–48, 53, 65, 80, 94–100, 113, 120n9, 189–192, Chapter 8, 331n15

direct evidential 8, 30, 44, 46, 59, 133, 155, 159–162, 165, 166, 190, 192, 239, 240, 242, 243, 245, 264, 288n12, 318–326, 397–399

direct experience/knowledge 3, 4, 38, 86, 102, 128, 132, 133, 134, 144, 157, 177, 178, 229, 243, 253, 277n6, 281, 290–291, 298–299, 322, 332–333, 382, 481

directive see command

disambiguate see ambiguity

discourse context 157–158, 201n8, 211, 219, 222

discourse role 9, 67, 80, 102, 309, 311, 318

distancing (effect) 110, 185–186, 227, 229, 237, 252, 355, 424

double marking 262, 264, 257

doubt 97, 134, 211–213

dreams 131, 380, 382, 386, 387, 414

Drukpa Künle 125, 125n13, 130

dubitative 128, 280, 285 ; see also doubt; certainty

E

ego evidentiality 9n3, 139–140, 177–188, 190, 192–193, 326–334, 380, 400
- as a product of default inference 11n4, 47
- use/non-use in questions 57, 306, 334, 337

egophoric/non-egophoric distribution 4–5, 9–10, 37, 39, 40
- diachronic perspectives on 41–48, Chapter 2, Chapter 8
- epiphenomenal 49, Chapter 12, Chapter 13
- evidentials and55, Chapter 10, Chapter 12, Chapter 13
- indexical 48–50
- mirativity and 59–61, Chapter 3
- motivations for Chapter 2, Chapter 5, 277–278, Chapter 11, Chapter 14, Chapter 15
- variation and flexibility 18–36, Chapter 7, Chapter 10, Chapter 11 ; see also person sensitivity

elicited data 82n4, 83n5, 115, 117, 120, 121, 129, 131, 132, 140, 158–163, 167, 169, 174, 207, 210, 211, 217, 228, 230, 260, 273n1, 276, 278, 284, 288n12, 312n5, 347n3, 386, 390, 418, 427
- interference from language of elicitation163n4

embedded clause 62, 63n23, 81, 83, 83n5, 84, 142, 148, 281, 327, 429 ; see also reported speech

embodied experience 9, 48, 277n6

emotion 63, 83, 97, 100, 158–160, 290–293, 326–327, 356, 481

endopathic 20, 22–23, 272–273, 289, 296, 299, 413

endophoric (evidential) 327, 332, 336, 397

epistemic
- access 7, 280, 348, 356, 357, 363, 430, 431, 458
- authority 7, 17, 21, 27, 29, 34, 81–86, 90, 100, 286, 309, 318, 355, 358–359, 371, 379, 407, 418, 451–452, 466–467, 476, 482, 492
- argument295
- evaluation102
- gradient 348, 361–362
- marking 270, 349, 372
- modality 166, 222, 273, 285, 323
- source 8, 45, 86, 102–103, 309, 408, 476
- stance 188, 193, 363, 366, 368–370
- status 93, 102, 103, 165, 363–364, 366

ergativity 92, 420n4

errors (in child speech) 441, 455, 459–461, 466

evidentiality
- evidential authority382
- evidential macro-categories 398, 400
- evidential origo 56, 310, 311, 328, 333
- relationship to egophoricity 8, 48, 53–58, Chapter 5, Chapter 6, 287–289, Chapter 10, Chapter 12, 409–414
- role in the development of egophoric marking47, Chapter 8 see also best possible grounds; direct; ego; endophoric; external; factual; firsthand; hearsay; indirect; inferential; participatory; reported; sensory; visual

existential copula or clause 17, 20n6, 32, 42–43, 58, 113, 117–118, 120, 127, 177–178, 192, 253, 291n14, 332, 430

experiencer (role) 20, 24, 30, 54, 87–88, 92–93, 101, 159, 160, 186, 272, 289–298, 310, 334, 356, 389–390, 447–449, 454, 481

experiential 17, 90, 93, 142–143, 150, 253, 298, 327, 332n17

external evidential 3, 328

external possessor 20, 28n11

external/observable behavior 67, 92–93, 100, 160–162, 291, 426

F

factivity490

factual evidential 8, 40, 47, 54–55, 178, 180, 187–189, 192–193, 384n6, 397–400, 412

factuality 30–31, 124n11, 241, 389–390, 391, 399

finiteness/non-finiteness 18, 44, 45, 65, 80–84, 89, 93, 96, 100, 243, 251, 273, 381

first language acquisition see acquisition

first person
- first person effects 83, 103, 277, 398, 400
- first person question see question
- first person statement see also person marking see statement

firsthand (evidential or knowledge) 150, 298, 318–319, 324, 334, 356 ; see also direct

flexibility/inflexibility (of egophoric marking) 5, 9, 20, 21, 27–34, 38, 50, 53, 56, 193, Chapter 7, 278, 283–389, 414, 424, 429n7, 465n15

fluid verb 83, 86 ; see also verb class

focus marker 319n12, 420n4

folktale 183–184, 187–188, 227, 230, 242n7

force dynamic85

formulaic utterance 455, 461–462

frequency 23, 66–67, 99, 220, 241, 299, 363, 388, 410

future tense (or time) and egophoricity 24–25, 43, 139, 146, 156–158, 163, 167, 169, 180, 184, 200, 211, 227–228, 236, 238, 276–277, 314, 322–323, 329, 415–427, 431–433, 456–467

G

general knowledge 55, 60, 141, 288n12, 323, 477

Genghis Khan231

grammaticalisation 42, 46, 102, 120n9, 154, 181, 359, 360, 477, 483, 491

grammaticality (judgement) 93n9, 121, 156, 164, 169, 220, 335, 380, 411, 416, 419, 422, 428, 481n2

greeting 89, 210, 219, 428

H

hearsay (evidence or evidential) 115, 145, 159, 241, 380, 381n4, 392, 394, 398, 409

Highlands Papua New Guinea evidentiality area383

Himalayan linguistic area 154, 167, 170

hybrid (reported speech) see reported speech

I

illocutionary force or type 34, 80–81, 86, 103, 360, 364, 462n12 ; see also speech act

imperative see command

impersonal predicate or construction 30, 80–81, 83, 86, 175, 297, 381–382, 390, 448–449

implicature
- of argument identity 46, 48–49, 53, 101, 275–279, 396, 409–410, 411–412
- of certainty323
- of mirative meaning 59, 287n11
- of non-volition 85, 101
- of participatory meaning47

independent pronoun 52, 313, 316

indexicality (and egophoric marking) 48–53, 64, 80, 85–86, 101, 102, 226, 230, 270, 309, 311, 315–316, 318, 405, 408–409, 431, 440

indirect (evidential, experience, or knowledge) 38, 44, 54, 154, 160, 166–168, 177, 190–192, 229, 232, 238, 239, 240–249, 253–255, 264–265, 277n6, 319, 378, 398, 411n3, 482, 486

indirect speech see reported speech

inference 128, 134, 192, 241, 325
- pragmatic inference362 see also default inference

inferential (evidential) 54–55, 58, 82, 110, 128, 131, 143, 145, 159–160, 287, 287n11, 328, 380, 383, 398, 409, 412, 413, 414, 482–483 ; see also sensory-inferential

inflexibility see flexibility

informant 28n11, 49–50, 168, 295, 309, 311, 359, 367, Chapter 13, 463, 476–477

information source see evidentiality

information-seeking question see question

inner state 80, 83, 93–103, 349, 370 ; see also internal state

innovation (of egophoric-like marking) 27, 99, 167, 170, Chapter 8, 336

instigator 85, 178, 187, 191, 381, 387, 395, 413–44, 423, 432 ; see also intention; volition

insult 34, 122

intention (and non-intention) 14, 29–30, 59, 90, 116, 119, 121, 139, 145, 180, 184–185, 186, 209, 214, 236, 276–277, 283–285, 329, 354, 382, 387, 399, 415, 439, 451, 463, 465, 467, 486–489
- access to intention 3, 4, 15, 457–458
- intentional act or action 59, Chapter 2, 387, 413, 439, 475, 486, 399
- intentional modality 6, 15
- intentive marker 415–421, 424–427, 432–433, 463–464, 465

interactional principles/pressures 7, 27, 36, 53, 66–68, 80, 170, 280, 358, 366, 371, 405, 441, 466

interactional data see conversation

internal evidence8

internal state 66, 88, 100–102, 185, 289–294, 320–321, 332, 490 see also inner state
- internal state verb 158–160, 161, 165–166, 169

interrogative flip see anticipation, rule of

intersubjectivity 68, 182–183, 364n13

intimacy 33, 35, 90, 128, 131, 133, 179, 212, 220, 424–425, 451, 461

intonation 155, 214, 361, 365, 451

intransitivity see transitivity

involuntary see volition

involvement 2, 4, 19, 19n5, 21, 22, 28, 36, 41, 44, 49, 54, 56, 102, 130, 178, 183, 187, 199, 215, 215n17, 219, 222, 226, 246n12, 270, 275, 276, 278, 280, 283, 288, 290–291, 295, 296, 298, 299, 310, 311, 326, 349, 354, 356–360, 369, 410, 415, 438
- addressee involvement 33, 34, 348
- assertor’s involvement 8, 378, 380, 383
- peripheral involvement 31–33
- speaker involvement 33, 34, 65, 176, 182, 186, 192, 199, 209, 211, 219, 222
- irony 34, 100, 482–490 ; see also sarcasm

isolating language175

J

judge 8, 310n3, 476

K

K+/K− 363–364

King Vikramaditya94

knowledge source 140, 141, 151, 440

L

lama 124, 183, 184, 188

language contact 37, 116n6, 170, 174, 175, 190, 198, 199n4, 202n9, Chapter 8, 297n16

language isolate 40, 317n11

language socialisation 441, 451, 467

legend 94, 125–126, 392

liberality28 see also flexibility

lingua franca 174, 231, 235

locus of information/knowledge 8, 165, 450, 458–459

locutor/non-locutor 8, 50, 306, 313–314, 476

logophoricity 62–65, 81, 83, 84, 307, 381–382, 392, 394–396, 483–485 ; see also reported speech

M

markedness see pragmatic markedness

mirativity 46, 58–62, Chapter 3, 185, 191–192, 208–209, 283n8, 287n11, 329n13, 359, 477, 482–492

multiple perspective see perspective

N

narrative (genre or data) 35, 82n4, 91, 93, 124–128, 130–132, 141, 145–147, 162, 183, 187–188, 238, 384, 386, 393, 407, 419
- narrative suffix 240, 249, 250, 253, 259–263
- written text94

narrow
- semantic narrowing 100, 237, 256, 257, 264–265
see broad/narrow

natural speech (data) 51, 111, 123, 131, 166, 260, 270, 273–276, 278, 299, 442, 449

negation 18, 114, 120, 200, 215n17, 260–262, 461

nominalisation 18, 45, 81, 112, 414

non-finite see finite

non-first person
- non-first person and new knowledge46
- non-first person pronouns 313, 316
- non-first person statement see also person marking see statement

non-firsthand see firsthand

non-locutor see locutor

non-visual see sensory

number see subject number

O

objective see subjective/objective

obligatoriness
- of core argument reference 49, 53, 141, 182, 271, 406
- of egophoric/non-egophoric markers 9–10, 13, 19, 21, 23, 90, 141, 175, 226, 283, 287–288, 299, 315, 317, 335, 476
- of interrogative marking51

oblique case186

observable state or behaviour 15, 67, 93, 160–163, 164, 166, 169, 288, 291–293, 323, 367–370, 409, 415

oral tradition162

origo 8, 9n3, 15, 56, 310–311, 328, 333–334, 431

ouï-dire 380

P

paradigm 2, 5, 42, 61, 80, 119, 120–123, 156–159, 166–167, 219, 274, 306, 311, 313, 321, 337, 427, 447, 465, 466
- and contrastive meanings 46, 47, 54, 55, 59, 99, 142
- and diachrony 42, 46, 47, 59, Chapter 8
- paradigm gap 27, 99, 381

participation framework270

particpatory evidential or knowledge 8, 15, 47, 55, 58, 288, 326–327, 337, Chapter 12, 408, 410, 412–413, 433, 447

participle 39, 44, 81, 89, 93, 96

patient 19–23, 332, 186, 332n17

Pema Lingpa126

perception (and evidentiality) 3, 63, 141, 236–237, 310, 325, 328, 399n11
- direct perception 58–59, 142, 382
- perception verbs 429–430

performative 84, 183, 427, 475
- performative evidential326

person marking or person reference 2, 17, 39, 48, 153, 269–270, 300, 307–312, 455, 466, 380–382, 473
- associative agreement28
- co-occurrence with egophoric marking 36, 40, 49, 98, 440
- interpretation of egophoric markers as 8, 23, 25n9, 38, 48–53, 56, 62, 221, 270, 275, 306, 309, 313–315, 327–328, 428, 447–448
- comparison with egophoric markers 154, 193, 270, 295–298, 311, 316–318, 359n10, 371, 448–449, 459, 465–466
- first person/non-first person agreement 8, 25n9, 48, 50, 249, 313, 333, 445, 447
- source for egophoric markers 47, 65, 331n15

person sensitivity 2, 4, 9, 10–11, 18–24, 25, 27, 35, 40, 48, 52–53, 55, 57, 275–278, 299–300, 349, 410, 415, 463, 465n15

personal affectedness (evidential) 327, 332–334, 397n10

personal agency (evidential)326

personal knowledge 2, 3, 8, 9–10, 17–18, 24, 30, 33, 34, 49, 93, 116, 119, 129, 134, 151, 311, 380, 406, 440, 444, 462, 462n12

personal taste 310n3, 476

perspective 9n3, 185, 193, 199n3, 287, 466
- complex epistemic perspective177, Chapter 11
- multiple (and/or complex) perspective 64, 181, 270, 281, 298n17, 365, 366, 419
- perspective shift 4, 9, 10–11, 34–36, 55–56, 57, 148, 179, 278, 282, 290, 310–311, 328–329, 333–334, 414, 416, 429
- speaker perspective (category or system) Chapter 7, Chapter 8

plurality and egophoricity 16–18, 90, 158, 160, 161–162, 164–165, 282–283, 292, 331, 335, 336, 429, 491

polarity113

politeness 41, 155, 187, 462n12

possession (or possessor) 17, 20–21, 33, 178–179, 186, 201–202, 275n4, 332, 412

pragmatics 117n7, 155, 226, 229, 273n2, 275, 360, 363
- pragmatic context 52, 199, 216n19, 221, 222
- pragmatic effect 28, 219, 220, 289, 387, 431, 432, 465n15, 490
- pragmatic force 210, 213, 214, 217, 220
- pragmatic markedness 27, 31, 33, 64, 156, 169, 204, 213, 217, 219, 285, 298, 386, 387, 388, 389, 396
- pragmatic neutrality 207, 211, 213, 214n16, 215–219, 220
- pragmatic principle 10, 80, 87, 101, 103

predicate class see verb class

primary knower 2, 7–9, 17–18, 25, 27, 28–29, 49–52, 56, 63–64, 66–68, 167, 309, 438

private predicate or state 24, 289, 300, 357, 369

privileged access see access

promise 415, 427, 433

prompt 451–452

propositional attitude85

psychological predicate or state 15, 354, 356, 357, 358, 360, 364

purposive463

Q

Qinghai linguistic area/complex see Amdo Sprachbund

question (or interrogative)
- content question 200n6, 203, 279–280, 286, 317, 335, 390, 391, 443n2, 450–451
- first person question 27, 33, 38, 60, 88, 118, 122, 163, 165, 179, 190, 285–286, 290, 379, 381, 387, 390, 396, 419, 423–424, 453–454, 456, 457, 480, 485
- information-seeking question 286, 353, 354, 439
- inherent bias in questions362
- polar question 25, 122, 203, 210, 255–256, 257, 258, 279, 317, 335, 348, 360–362, 371, 390, 443n2, 449, 480
- rhetorical question 33, 122, 350, 353, 354, 363, 364, 379, 381, 382, 386–387, 389, 396, 411, 419, 424, 426
- second person question 26–27, 33, 38, 41, 68, 79, 80, 81, 86, 96, 118, 121, 124, 148, 151, 156, 179, 181, 190, 277, 287, 296, 336, 338–339, 379, 384, 389, 391, 396, 412, 416–417, 424, 440, 445, 446, 454, 455, 458, 461, 465, 466, 475, 477, 481, 483, 484, 485
- tag question 27, 115, 348, 353, 354, 364
- third person question 5, 10, 122, 384, 391, 392, 396, 410n2, 423, 428, 432, 438, 447, 462, 465

question-answer (pair or sequence) 187, 212–220, 222, 278, 280, 440, 449–452, 458–459 ; see also adjacency pair

quirky case 272, 297n16

quotative 65, 147, 159, 182, 190, 350–351, 398 see also reported speech
- quotative faithfulness 64, 205–207, 419

R

reanalysis 44, 47, Chapter 8

reported evidential 83–84, 162, 181–182, 192, 316, 322, 332n16, 386, 392–394, 398

reported speech 9, 11, 35, 36, 55–56, 62–66, 83–84, 139, 147–148, 182, 205–207, 277n5, 280, 281–282, 292, 299, 306, 309, 311, 318, 327–328, 334, 339, 395, 419, 425, 475–476, 480–481
- direct 65, 182, 281–282, 315, 381, 394–395, 420, 429
- hybrid/semi-direct 19n5, 35, 64, 65, 419–421, 425, 429, 447
- indirect 315–316, 381, 392–394
- in the development of egophoric marking 45, 65

request 219–220, 446
- request for information 128, 287, 354n7, 361, 364, 423
- response to request 214–215, 276, 461

responsibility 85, 179, 182, 184–186, 204, 218, 222, 279, 280, 413
- for information 65, 227, 299, 309

révélatif 380

rhetorical effects 33–34, 432 ; see also question, rhetorical

rigidity see flexibility

routinised speech practice 89, 451, 453, 461

rule of anticipation see anticipation, rule of

S

sarcasm 122, 446 ; see also irony

scope 56, 166, 270, 490
- broad/narrow scope 28, 129
- participant/propositional scope 28, 28n11, 311, 359

second language174

self-ascription 2, 48, 53, 82, 85–86, 101, Chapter 15

self-correction127

self-representation85

semantic space 128, 134, 377, 397, 399

semi-direct speech see reported speech

sensory (evidential) 30, 54, 57, 274, 288n12, 318–321, 324, 326, 328, 333–334, 337, 398, 400, 410, 413, 444, 486
- sensory-inferential evidential 177–193 ; see also visual-sensory

sensory predicate 88, 321

sentence type 2, 10, 24–27, 52, 279, 296, 309, 313, Chapter 11, 382, 406, 408, 431, 441, 454, 455, 465 ; see also question, statement, speech act type

shared information or knowledge 17, 18, 27, 100, 132–133, 141, 188, 193, 211, 228, 283, 288–289, 355, 410n2

shiftability 9–10, 18–19, 34–36, 55, 57 ; see also perspective shift

social cognition 10, 439

speaker stance see stance

speech act 50, 52, 66, 86, 102–103, 299, 349, 351, 360, 363, 366, 371, 427, 491
- speech act participant 8, 49, 51, 53, 169, 177, 184, 188, 193, 276, 298, 351, 378, 405, 490
- speech act role 2, 309, 359 ; see also assertion; boast; command; confirmation; denial; greeting; insult; promise; prompt; question; request; sentence type; statement; tease; threat; wondering

speech report see reported speech

spontaneous interaction see conversation

stance 220, 222, 286, Chapter 11, 423
- epistemic stance 188, 193
- epistemological stance379
- stance triangle 364–367

statement (or declarative)
- first person 2, 14, 41, 60, 66, 85, 96, 118, 151, 155, 159, 161, 165, 168, 178, 187–188, 192–193, 259, 277, 296, 316, 339, 378, 386–387, 396, 399n11, 412, 429n8, 458, 461, 477, 478, 481, 483, 484, 485, 490
- non-first person 4, 5, 26, 180, 183–184, 192–193, 211, 227, 308, 381, 411, 428
- second person 34, 88, 96, 131, 155–156, 159, 253, 382, 388–389, 396, 410
- third person 61, 66, 118, 125, 132, 144, 153, 156, 157, 159, 161, 166, 168, 216, 378, 382, 384, 389, 390, 395, 396, 412, 438, 447, 480, 481

stative 159, 241, 247, 257, 314, 330, 430–431

story-telling see narrative

strong/weak ego 5, 28 ; see also scope

subject agreement see person marking

subject number 16–17, 57, 331, 396

subjective/objective marking 8, 12, 20, 25, 30–31, 44, Chapter 7, Chapter 8

subjectivity 7n2, 10, 101, 249, 310n3

subordinate clause 18, 45, 351, 353, 480

sudden realization 127, 128 ; see also mirative

T

tag question see question

tease 68, 461–462

temperature predicate 13, 87–89, 92–93, 101, 290, 297–298, 334, 481

tense (and egophoricity or evidentiality) 16, 21–22, 43–44, 61, 81, 142–143, 190, 241, 242, 260, 314, 331, 355, 396, 407, 428–431, 440, 447, 449, 465 ; see also future

theory of mind 86, 101, 441

threat 422–423

tone 26n10, 42, 113, 154

topic-comment structure 154, 175

transitivity 24, 38, 98–99, 271–273, 289–290, 296, 448
- split intransitivity 30, 50, 272

triadic interaction 450–451

trigger (for egophoric or logophoric marking) 21, 24, 35, 63n23, 201, 202, 288, 457

tripartite system177

truth value 177, 215

U

uncertainty see certainty

undergoer 14–15, 16, 18, 19, 21–24, 41, 43, 56, 271–273, 290–291, 294–295, 296, 299, 332–334, 379

unexpectedness see mirativity

ungrammaticality see grammaticality

V

validational209

verba dicendi 204, 205n14, 207, 221

verb class 14, 29, 30, 38, 80–83, 86, 90–93, 149, 150, 155–163, 168–169, 204n12, 272–273, 289–295, 297, 359, 390, 481 ; see also control; emotion; fluid verb; observable state; private predicate; temperature predicate; volition

veridical status209

viewpoint 35, 63, 86, 384, 387, 409, 414, 415, 458

visual (evidence or evidential) 14, 35, 47, 54, 55–56, 93, 100, 142, 155, 159, 161, 162, 165, 166, 168, 311, 319–320, 321–322, 324, 325, 337, Chapter 12, 409–414, 421, 462n12
- visual-sensory evidential 14, 32, 47, 384–385, 384n6, 388–389, 391, 395, 400, 462n12

volition/non-volition 14–15, 20, 29–30, 38, 129, 149–151, 169–170, 177–178, 184, 186–187, 190–193, 209, 227–228, 229, 236–237, 283–285, 286, 289, 294–295, 330–331, 350, 356, 358, 380, 382, 398–399, 400, 413, 417, 422–423, 432, 487–488
- stem aspiration contrast indicating volition150
- volitional/non-volitional verb or predicate 38, 155–158, 149, 164, 294, 330, 356, 447–448

vowel harmony 243, 258, 446

W

witness 128, 133, 145, 162–163, 242, 319, 321–325, 384, 389, 392, 394–395, 421, 423
- direct witness 102, 141, 144
- visual or eye-witness 55n20, 142, 254 ; see also visual evidentiality, sensory evidentiality

wondering (speech act) 212, 423–424, 426, 443n2

Z

zombie 183, 184, 188