Cover not available

In:Noun-Modifying Clause Constructions in Languages of Eurasia: Rethinking theoretical and geographical boundaries
Edited by Yoshiko Matsumoto, Bernard Comrie and Peter Sells
[Typological Studies in Language 116] 2017
► pp. 203–250

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload Book PDF
authorization required

Chapter 9
Noun-modifying clause constructions in Ainu

 | Tokyo University of Science/National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL)
Published online: 28 February 2017
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.116.10bug
Abstract
The Ainu (Southern Hokkaido) relative clause construction is built on the model of the nominal attributive construction, while the noun-complement construction is based on that of the nominal possessive construction in which the head is marked with a possessive suffix. Also, relative and noun-complement clauses behave differently with regard to island violation constraints: only the latter allow such violations. However, there is a small number of noun-complement clauses without possessive marking on the perception/relational head noun, which makes them look like relative clauses; these are the so-called emergent GNMCCs. I suggest that these head nouns appear in non-possessive form in order to dissociate themselves from the few homonymous possessive heads which are grammaticalized as modal/evidential markers in the relevant constructions.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Basic properties of Ainu
    • 2.1Basic clause types in Ainu
    • 2.2Noun phrase structure
  • 3.Noun-modifying clause constructions in Ainu: Relative clauses vs. noun-complement clauses
  • 4.Relative clauses
    • 4.1Relativization of arguments
      • 4.1.1Subject of intransitive verb (S)
      • 4.1.2Subject of two-place transitive verb (A)
      • 4.1.3Subject of three-place transitive verb (A)
      • 4.1.4Object of two-place transitive (O)
      • 4.1.5Object of three-place transitive (O)
    • 4.2Relativization of non-arguments
      • 4.2.1Relativization of adjuncts
        • 4.2.1.1Instrumental, comitative, and dative adjuncts
        • 4.2.1.2Standard of comparison equivalent
      • 4.2.2Relativization of possessor
      • 4.2.3Relativization of locative and allative adjuncts
  • 5.Noun-complement clauses
    • 5.1Content-taking nouns as head
    • 5.2Perception nouns as head
    • 5.3Relational nouns as head
  • 6.Grammaticalization of noun-modifying clause constructions
    • 6.1Relative clause construction with bound nouns as head > lexical nominalizations
    • 6.2Noun-complement clause construction with perception nouns as head > ‘mermaid construction’
    • 6.3Noun-complement clause construction with relational nouns as head > subordinate temporal clause construction
  • 7.Noun + noun compounds
  • 8.Emergent GNMCC
  • 9.Island violation
  • 10.Concluding remarks
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • Sources
  • References
References (59)
Sources
Bugaeva, AnnaAB Bugaeva, Anna. 2004. Grammar and Folklore Texts of the Chitose Dialect of Ainu (Idiolect of Ito Oda). ELPR Publication Series A-045. Suita: Osaka Gakuin University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chiri, YukieCY Chiri, Yukie. 1978. Ainu shin’yōshū (Ainu songs of gods). Tokyo: Iwanami Bunko.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nakagawa, Hiroshi, Bugaeva, Anna & Kobayashi, MikiK Nakagawa, Hiroshi, Bugaeva, Anna & Kobayashi, Miki. 2016. A Glossed Audio Corpus of Ainu Folklore (English HP) NINJAL. <[URL]/>
Kirikae, HideoKH Kirikae, Hideo (2001 (1984)).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kubodera, ItsuhikoKI Kubodera, Itsuhiko. 1977. Ainu jojishi shin’yō seiden no kenkyū (The study of Ainu heroic epics and songs of gods). Tokyo: Iwanami shoten.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bugaeva, Anna, Endō, Shiho & Akasegawa, ShirōKS Bugaeva, Anna, Endō, Shiho & Akasegawa, Shirō. 2015. A Topical Dictionary of Conversational Ainu (English HP) NINJAL. <[URL]/>
Nakagawa, HiroshiN Nakagawa, Hiroshi. 1995. Ainugo chitose hōgen jiten (A dictionary of the Chitose dialect of Ainu). Tokyo: Sōfūkan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nakagawa, HiroshiN1 Nakagawa, Hiroshi. 2002. Ainu kōshōbungei tekisuto 3. Yūrashia gengo bunka ronshū 5: 111–143. Chiba: Chiba University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nevskij, NikolajNV Nevskij, Nikolaj. 1972. Ajnskij fol´klor (Ainu folklore). Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Oda, ItoOI Oda, Ito (1908–2000), informant of the Chitose dialect of Ainu; the author’s fieldnotes.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sunazawa, KuraSK Sunazawa, Kura. 1983. Watashi no ichidai no omoide Ku sukup opuspe (My life story). Sapporo: Miyama Shobō.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Satō, TomomiST Satō, Tomomi. 2011 Ainugo chitose hōgen ni okeru suyryō no jodōshi nankor no imi ni tsuite (A semantic analysis of a modal auxiliary verb nankor in the Chitose dialect of Ainu). Hokkaido-ritsu ainu minzoku bunka kenkyū sentā kenkyū kiyō 17: 1–18. Sapporo: Hokkaido-ritsu ainu minzoku bunka kenkyū sentā.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Satō, TomomiST1 Satō, Tomomi (2008a).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Satō, TomomiST2 Satō, Tomomi (2008b).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Satō, TomomiST3 Satō, Tomomi. 1998. Ningen no kigen o monogataru Penanpe to Pananpe no mukashibanashi (A story of Penanpe to Pananpe who told about the origins of humans). In Ainu minzoku bunkazai chōsa hōkokusho 18, Hitoshi Watanabe, Minoru Ōshima, Hideo Kirikae & Tomomi Satō (eds), 120–130. Sapporo: Hokkaidō kyōiku iinkai.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tamura, SuzukoT Tamura, Suzuko (1996).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tamura, SuzukoT1 Tamura, Suzuko (2000 (1988)).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fukuda (Tamura), SuzukoT3 Fukuda (Tamura), Suzuko (2001 (1960)) Ainugo saru hōgen-no jodōshi (Auxiliary verbs of the Saru dialect of Ainu). Minzokugaku kenkyū 24(4): 67–78. Tokyo: Seibundō Shinkōsha.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tamura, SuzukoTS1 Tamura, Suzuko. 1984. Ainugo shiryō (1) (Ainu audio materials (1)). Tokyo: Waseda daigaku gogakukyōiku kenkyūjo.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tamura, SuzukoTS2 Tamura, Suzuko (1985) Ainugo shiryō (2) (Ainu audio materials (2)). Tokyo: Waseda daigaku gogakukyōiku kenkyūjo.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tamura, SuzukoTS3 Tamura, Suzuko (1986) Ainugo shiryō (3) (Ainu audio materials (3)). Tokyo: Waseda daigaku gogakukyōiku kenkyūjo.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tamura, SuzukoTS5 Tamura, Suzuko (1988) Ainugo shiryō (5) (Ainu audio materials (5)). Tokyo: Waseda daigaku gogakukyōiku kenkyūjo.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tamura, SuzukoTS6 Tamura, Suzuko (1989) Ainugo shiryō (6) (Ainu audio materials (6)). Tokyo: Waseda daigaku gogakukyōiku kenkyūjo.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
References
Aikhenvald, Alexandra. 2004. Evidentiality. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Baker, Mark. 1996. The Polysynthesis Parameter. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bugaeva, Anna. 2008. Reported discourse and logophoricity in Southern Hokkaido dialects of Ainu. Gengo Kenkyū 133: 31–75.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bugaeva, Anna. 2010. Ainu applicatives in typological perspective. Studies in Language 34(4): 749–801. doi: Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bugaeva, Anna. 2011. Ditransitive constructions in Ainu. Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung (STUF) 64(3): 237–255.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bugaeva, Anna. 2012. Southern Hokkaido Ainu. In The Languages of Japan and Korea, Nicolas Tranter (ed.), 461–509. London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bugaeva, Anna. 2013. Mermaid constructions in Ainu. In Adnominal Clauses and the ‘Mermaid Construction’: Grammaticalization of Nouns [NINJAL Collaborative Research Project Reports 13–01], Tasaku Tsunoda (ed.), 667–675. Tachikawa: National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bugaeva, Anna. 2015. Valency classes in Ainu. In Valency Classes in the World’s Languages, Andrej Malchukov & Bernard Comrie (eds), 807–854. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chiri, Mashiho. 2001 (1953). Ainugo no joshi (Auxiliaries in Ainu). In Kindaichi hakase koki kinen gengo minzoku roshū. Tokyo : Sanseidō. Reprinted in: Ainugo-kō, Bunpō I(4): 1–20. Tokyo: Yumani Shobō.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chiri, Mashiho. 1974 (1956). Ainugo nyūmon: toku-ni chimei kenkyuūsha no tame ni. Tokyo. Reprinted in: Chiri Mashiho chosakushū, Vol. 4. Tokyo: Heibonsha.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Comrie, Bernard. 1996. The unity of noun modifying clauses in Asian languages. In Pan-Asiatic Linguistics: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics, January 8–10, Vol. 3, 1077–1088. Salaya, Thailand: Institute of Language, and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University at Salaya.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Comrie, Bernard. 1998. Rethinking the typology of relative clauses. Language Design 1: 59–86.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
DeLancey, Scott. 2011. Finite structures from clausal nominalizations in Tibeto-Burman. In Nominalizations in Asian languages [Typological Studies in Language 96], Foong Ha Yap, Karen Grunow Harsta & Janick Wrona (eds), 343–359. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Epps, Patience. 2012. Between headed and headless relatives: Evidence from Amazonia. In Relative Clauses in Languages of the Americas: A Typological Overview [Typological Studies in Language 102], Bernard Comrie & Zarina Estrada-Fernández (eds), 191–212. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Givón, Talmy. 2012. Toward a diachronic typology of relative clause. In Relative Clauses in Languages of the Americas: A Typological Overview [Typological Studies in Language 102], Bernard Comrie & Zarina Estrada-Fernández (eds), 3–25. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hattori, Shirō (ed.). 1964. An Ainu Dialect Dictionary. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd & Kuteva, Tania. 2007. The Genesis of Grammar. A Reconstruction. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Keenan, Edward L. & Comrie, Bernard. 1977. Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar. Linguistic Inquiry 8(1): 63–99.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kirikae, Hideo. 2001 (1984). Ainugo no meishiku no kōzō to gōsei meishi (The structure of noun phrases and compound nouns in Ainu). Gengo kenkyū 86: 105–121. Reprinted in Ainugo-kō, Bunpō II, Vol. 5, 201–217. Tokyo: Yumani Shobō.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Matsumoto, Yoshiko. 1988. Semantics and pragmatics of noun-modifying constructions in Japanese. In Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, Shelley Axmaker & Helen Singmaster (eds), 166–175. Berkeley CA: BLS.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Matsumoto, Yoshiko. 1997. Noun-modifying Constructions in Japanese: A Frame Semantic Approach [Studies in Language Companion Series 35]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ohori, Toshio. 2012. The grammaticalization of subordination. In The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalization, Heiko Narrog & Bernd Heine (eds), 633–642. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Okuda, Osami. 2001 (1989). Nihongo to ainugo-ni okeru rentai shūshoku to bun-no meishika (Noun-modifying and clausal nominalization in Japanese and Ainu). In Waseda daigaku gogaku kyōiku kenkyūjo kiyō 39. Reprinted in: Ainugo-kō, Bunpō II, Vol. 5, 243–256. Tokyo: Yumani Shobō.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ross, John. 1967. Constraints on Variables in Syntax. PhD dissertation, MIT.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Satō, Tomomi. 1997. Possessive expressions in Ainu. In Studies in Possessive Expressions, Tōru Hayashi & Peri Bhaskararao (eds), 143–160. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Satō, Tomomi. 2008a. Ainugo bunpō no kiso (The basics of Ainu grammar). Tokyo: Daigakushorin.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Satō, Tomomi. 2008b. Ainugo chitose hōgen ni okeru gōsei meishi (Compound noun word formation in the Chitose dialect of Ainu). Journal of the Center for Northern Humanities 1:55–68.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tamura Suzuko. 1984. Aynu Itak. Aynugo nyūmon. Kaisetu (The Ainu language. An introduction to Ainu. Commentary) [Goken kyōzai sensho 32]. Tokyo: Waseda daigaku gogaku kyōiku kenkyūjo.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tamura, Suzuko. 2000 (1988). Ainugo (The Ainu language). In Gengogaku daijiten (Encyclopedia of linguistics), Takashi Kōji, Rokurō Kōno & Eiichi Chino (eds). Tokyo: Sanseidō. English translation: The Ainu language [ICHEL Linguistic Studies 29]. Tokyo: Sanseidō.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tamura, Suzuko. 1991, 1992, 1993. Ainugo onsei shiryō (1–6) Goi: zenyōrei-tsuki (Ainu Audio Materials (1–6) Lexicon: All with examples), Tokyo: Waseda daigaku gogaku kyōiku kenkyūjo.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tamura, Suzuko. 1996. Ainugo Saru hōgen jiten (A Dictionary of the Saru Dialect of Ainu). Tokyo: Sōfūkan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Teramura, Hideo. 1969. The syntax of noun modification in Japanese. The Journal-Newsletter of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 6(1): 64–74. doi: Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Teramura, Hideo. 1992. Teramura Hideo Ronbunshu, I: Nihongo Bunpoo Hen (Papers by Hideo Teramura I: Japanese Grammar). Tokyo: Kurosio Shuppan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tsunoda, Tasaku. 2009. Sekai no gengo to nihongo, kaiteiban (The World’s Languages and Japanese, rev.ed.). Tokyo: Kurosio.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tsunoda, Tasaku. 2013a. Mermaid construction: an introduction and summary. In Adnominal Clauses and the ‘Mermaid Construction’: Grammaticalization of Nouns. [NINJAL Collaborative Research Project Reports 13–01], Tasaku Tsunoda (ed.), 15–66. Tachikawa: National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tsunoda, Tasaku. 2013b. Mermaid construction in modern Japanese. In Adnominal Clauses and the ‘Mermaid Construction’: Grammaticalization of Nouns. [NINJAL Collaborative Research Project Reports 13–01], Tasaku Tsunoda (ed.), 67–150. Tachikawa: National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue