Article published In: Translators’ and Interpreters’ Job Satisfaction
Edited by Minna Ruokonen, Elin Svahn and Anu Heino
[Translation Spaces 13:1] 2024
► pp. 149–169
Exploring ethical dilemmas encountered by public service interpreters and their effect on job satisfaction
Published online: 4 April 2024
https://doi.org/10.1075/ts.23022.lem
https://doi.org/10.1075/ts.23022.lem
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the stressors that affect interpreters working in public service interpreting (PSI)
in Finland and the ethical dilemmas these stressors indicate. Our data derives from a survey carried out among public service
interpreters in Finland in 2018. We identified three categories of stressors: content-related stressors, interactional stressors,
and stressors related to the organisation of the work. Through these, we identified six ethical dilemmas. Our analysis indicates
that, to solve ethical dilemmas in a sound manner, interpreters have to exercise agency in addition to being familiar with
professional codes of conduct. Furthermore, many ethical dilemmas interpreters face are emotionally challenging and therefore also
require affective labour. Unfortunately, interpreters often seem to be left to their own devices in dealing with emotionally
challenging situations. This study calls for increased professional support for interpreters and further research on the link
between ethical dilemmas and job satisfaction.
Keywords: public service interpreting, job satisfaction, ethics, ethical dilemmas, stressors, agency, affect
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Previous research
- 3.Data and method
- 4.Analysis
- 4.1Content-related stressors
- 4.2Interactional stressors
- 4.3Stressors related to the organisation of the work
- 4.4Discussion
- 5.Conclusions
- Notes
References
References (43)
Abdallah, Kristiina. 2010. “Translators’
agency in production network.” In Translators’
Agency, Tampere Studies in Language, Translation and Culture. Series B 4, edited
by Tuija Kinnunen, and Kaisa Koskinen, 11–46. Tampere: Tampere University Press.
Baraldi, Claudio. 2023. “Agency
in and for Mediating in Public Service Interpreting.” In The
Routledge Handbook of Public Service Interpreting, edited by Laura Gavioli, and Cecilia Wadensjö, 46–62. London: Routledge.
Bernardi, Eleonora. 2022. “The
Psychological Implications of Interpreting in Conflict Zones: Elements for Potential Mental-Health and Self-Care Training for
Interpreters.” In Interpreter Training in Conflict and Post-Conflict
Scenarios, edited by Lucía Ruiz Rosendo, and Marija Todorova, 197–209. London: Routledge.
Bontempo, Karen, and Karen Malcolm. 2012. “An
ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure: Educating interpreters about the risk of vicarious trauma in healthcare
settings.” In In Our Hands: Educating Healthcare
Interpreters, edited by Lauren Swabey, and Karen Malcolm, 105–130. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Colley, Helen, and Frédérique Guéry. 2015. “Understanding
the new hybrid professions: Bourdieu, illusio and the case of public service
interpreters.” Cambridge Journal of
Education 45, no. 1, 113–131.
Dam, Helle V., and Karen Korning Zethsen. 2016. “‘I
Think It Is a Wonderful Job’: On the Solidity of the Translation Profession.” JoSTrans – The
Journal of Specialised
Translation 251, 174–187. [URL]
Darroch, Emma, and Raymond Dempsey. 2016. “Interpreters’
experiences of transferential dynamics, vicarious traumatisation, and their need for support and supervision: A systematic
literature review.” The European Journal of Counselling
Psychology, 4 no. 2, 166–190.
Dong, Jiqing, and Jemina Napier. 2016. “Towards
the Construction of Organisational Professionalism in Public Service Interpreting.” CTIS
Occasional
Papers 71, 22–42.
Graneheim, Ulla H., Britt-Marie Lindgren, and Berit Lundman. 2017. “Methodological
Challenges in Qualitative Content Analysis: A Discussion Paper.” Nurse Education
Today 561, 26–34.
Hale, Sandra. 2011. “The
positive side of community interpreting: An Australian case
study.” Interpreting 13, no. 2, 234–248.
Hertog, Erik. 2010. “Community
Interpreting.” In Handbook of Translation
Studies, Volume 11, edited
by Yves Gambier and Luc van Doorslaer, 49–54. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Hokkanen, Sari, and Kaisa Koskinen. 2016. “Affect
as a Hinge: The Translator’s Experiencing Self as a Sociocognitive Interface.” Translation
Spaces 5, no. 1, 78–96.
Hokkanen, Sari, Jaana Vuori, and Anni-Kaisa Leminen. 2023. “Riittävästä kielitaidosta kulttuurin ja institutionaalisen tilanteen haasteisiin
asioimistulkkauksessa [From sufficient language skills to challenges in
culture and the institutional situation in public service
interpreting].” In Superdiversiteetti: Näkökulmia maahanmuuton
moninaisuuteen, edited by Tuomas Martikainen, and Sari Pöyhönen. Helsinki: SKS.
Howes, Loene M. 2022. “Ethical dilemmas in community
interpreting: interpreters’ experiences and guidance from the code of ethics.” The Interpreter
and Translator Trainer, 1–18.
Hubscher-Davidson, Séverine. 2020. “Ethical
stress in translation and interpreting.” In The Routledge Handbook of
Translation and Ethics, edited by Kaisa Koskinen, and Nike K. Pokorn, 415–430. London and New York: Routledge.
Jex, Steve M., and Thomas W. Britt. 2014. Organizational
Psychology: A Scientist-Practitioner Approach. 3rd edition. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons.
Judge, Timothy L., Howard M. Weiss, John D. Kammeyer-Mueller, and Charles L. Hulin. 2017. “Job
Attitudes, Job Satisfaction, and Job Affect: A Century of Continuity and of Change.” Journal of
Applied
Psychology 1021, no. 31, 356–374.
Karinen, Risto, Tuomas Luukkonen, Laura Jauhola, and Simo Määttä. 2020. Selvitys asioimistulkkauksen nykytilasta [Report on the current
state of public service interpreting]. Publications of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and
Employment
2020:45. Helsinki. Accessed April 10, 2023. [URL]
Kinnunen, Tuija, and Kaisa Koskinen. 2010. “Introduction.” In Translators’
Agency, edited by Tuija Kinnunen, and Kaisa Koskinen, 4–10. Tampere: Tampere University Press.
Koirala, Binu, Patricia M. Davidson, and Cynda H. Rushton. 2021. “Ethics
in nursing: Progress on national nursing ethics summit.” Nursing
Outlook 701, 154–165.
Korpal, Paweł, and Christopher D. Mellinger. 2022. “Self-care
strategies of professional community interpreters: An interview-based study.” Translation,
Cognition &
Behavior 51, no. 21, 275–299.
Koskinen, Kaisa. 2020. Translation
and Affect: Essays on Sticky Affects and Translational Affective Labour. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Koskinen, Kaisa, Jaana Vuori, and Anni-Kaisa Leminen. 2018. “Johdanto [Introduction].” Asioimistulkkaus: Monikielisen yhteiskunnan
arkea, 7–28. Tampere: Vastapaino.
Lai, Miranda, and Susie Costello. 2021. “Professional
Interpreters and Vicarious Trauma: An Australian Perspective.” Qualitative Health
Research 31, no. 1, 70–85.
Määttä, Simo, Tuija Kinnunen, and Veera Rautavuoma. 2014. “Asioimistulkkauksen
toimijuudet [Agency in public service interpreting].” MikaEl, Electronic Journal of the KäTu
Symposium on Translation and Interpreting
Studies 81, 89–103.
Määttä, Simo. 2015. “Interpreting
the discourse of reporting: The case of screening interviews with asylum seekers and police interviews in
Finland.” Translation &
Interpreting 7, no. 3, 21–35.
. 2017. “Community
interpreters in Finland: A heterogeneous community divided by
ethnicity. In Communities in translation and
interpreting, edited by Kristiina Taivalkoski-Shilov, Liisa Tiittula, and Maarit Koponen, 183–216. Montréal: Les Éditions québécoises de l’oeuvre.
. 2018. “Empatia ja asenne lingua franca -tulkkauksessa: puhelintulkatun kuulustelun
analyysia [Empathy and attitude in lingua-franca interpreting: an analysis
of a phone-interpreted interrogation].” In Asioimistulkkaus:
Monikielisen yhteiskunnan arkea, edited by Kaisa Koskinen, Jaana Vuori, and Anni-Kaisa Leminen, 97–120. Tampere: Vastapaino.
Määttä, Simo, Riitta Ylikomi and Eeva Puumala. 2019. “Asioimis- ja oikeustulkkauksen psyykkinen hinta: sijaistraumatisoitumisen ehkäisy kuormittavissa
tulkkaustilanteissa [The psychic price of public service and court
interpreting: the prevention of vicarious traumatisation in stressful interpreting
situations].” MikaEl, Electronic Journal of the KäTu Symposium on Translation and Interpreting
Studies 121, 195–209.
Ndongo-Keller, Justine. 2015. “Vicarious
Trauma and Stress Management.” In The Routledge Handbook of
Interpreting, edited by Holly Mikkelson, and Renée Jourdenais, 337–351. New York: Routledge
Phelan, Mary, Mette Rudvin, Hanne Skaaden, and Patrick Kermit. 2019. Ethics
in Public Service Interpreting. London and New York: Routledge.
Pöllabauer, Sonja, and Iris Topolovec. 2020. “Ethics
in public service interpreting.” In The Routledge Handbook of
Translation and Ethics, edited by Kaisa Koskinen, and Nike K. Pokorn, 211–226. London and New York: Routledge.
Rinne, Paula. 2019. Asioimistulkkaus etnospesifinä ammattina: Asioimistulkkien arvostuksen tunteet ja syrjinnän kokemukset suhteessa
heidän etnis-kielelliseen taustaansa [Public service interpreting as an
ethno-specific profession: Experiences of discrimination and feelings of appreciation among public service interpreters of
different ethnic-linguistic backgrounds]. Masters
thesis, University of Tampere. [URL]
SKTL. 2021. “Asioimistulkin
ammattisäännöstö [The code of ethics for public service
interpreters].” Accessed April
8, 2023. [URL]
Theys, Laura, Cornelia Wermuth, Elaine Hsieh, Demi Krystallidou, Peter Pype, and Heidi Salaets. 2022. “Doctors,
Patients, and Interpreters’ Views on the Co-Construction of Empathic Communication in Interpreter-Mediated Consultations: A
Qualitative Content Analysis of Video Stimulated Recall Interviews.” Qualitative Health
Research 32, no. 12, 1843–1857.
Viljanmaa, Anu. 2018. “Inhimillinen tekijä: tunteet asioimistulkin työssä [The human
factor: emotions in the work of public service].” In Asioimistulkkaus:
Monikielisen yhteiskunnan arkea, edited by Kaisa Koskinen, Jaana Vuori, and Anni-Kaisa Leminen, 121–156. Tampere: Vastapaino.
. 2020. Professionelle
Zuhörkompetenz und Zuhörfilter beim
Dialogdolmetschen. Berlin: Frank & Timme.
. 2022. “Out
of the frying pan into the fire: The impact of the pandemic on the listening environment of public service interpreters in
Finland as experienced by interpreters themselves.” FITISPos International
Journal 9, no. 1, 102–124.
Vuori, Jaana. 2013. “Se on siinä: Asioimistulkit monikulttuurisessa tilassa [There
it is: Public service interpreters in a multicultural
space].” In Tulkattu Tampere, edited
by Kaisa Koskinen, 126–160. Tampere University Press.
Vuori, Jaana, Sari Hokkanen, Marta Choroszewich, and Anni-Kaisa Leminen. 2022. “Etninen moninaisuus ja eriarvoisuus asioimistulkkien ammatissa ja
työoloissa [Ethnic diversity and inequality in the profession and working
conditions of public service interpreters].” Työelämän
tutkimus 20, no. 2, 185–209.
Wadensjö, Cecilia. 1992. Interpreting
as Interaction: On Dialogue Interpreting in Immigration Hearings and Medical
Encounters. (Diss.) Linköping: Linköping University, Department of Communication Studies.
