Cover not available

Article published In: Indirect Translation and Sustainable Development
Edited by Jan Buts, Hanna Pięta, Laura Ivaska and James Hadley
[Translation Spaces 12:2] 2023
► pp. 177–203

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload PDF
EPUB logo with download linkDownload EPUB
authorization required
Special Issue Article

Fan indirect subtitling of Cdramas by women in Latin America and the Caribbean

A tool for the promotion of autodidacticism, global citizenship, and cultural diversity appreciation

ORCiD logo with link | Hong Kong Baptist University
Published online: 27 July 2023
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/ts.22017.mor
Abstract
Despite its controversial status, indirect translation remains one of the most prevalent translation methods and efforts have been made to explore the positive effects of this practice. The present article aims to contribute to such endeavours by researching the potential of indirect fansubbing for the promotion of several key areas of the United Nations’ Fourth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). The article reports on a fansubbing community consisting of Chinese to Spanish amateur subtitlers who have mobilised indirect translation to attain linguistic proficiency, translational skills and cultural literacy. Results from fieldwork and qualitative data show that indirect subtitles might enhance Spanish-speaking communities’ appreciation of foreign languages and cultures by providing access to otherwise inaccessible audiovisual products. The present research finds potential for indirect fansubbing as an autodidactic method capable of promoting a culture of lifelong learning, global citizenship, and the appreciation of cultural diversity, factors conducive to the fourth SDG.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Literature review
    • 2.1Fansubs: Communities of interest, practice and learning
    • 2.2The potential impact(s) of amateur subtitling and indirect fansubbing
  • 3.Research methodology and theoretical framework
  • 4.Results and discussion
    • 4.1Respondents’ profiles and fansub organisation
    • 4.2Autodidacticism in the AK Fansub
    • 4.3Perceptions and effects of consumption
      • 4.3.1Perceptions on access and reception
      • 4.3.2Indirect fansubbing consumption effects
    • 4.4Discussion
  • 5.Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
References (85)
References
Arias Ortiz, Elena, and Bornacelly, Iván. 2017. Nota 5. ¿Les va Mejor a las Niñas en Educación? [Note 5. Are Young Girls Doing Better in Education?]. Centro de Información para la Mejora de los Aprendizajes, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. Accessed March 3, 2022. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Assis Rosa, Alexandra, Pięta, Hanna, and Bueno Maia, Rita. 2017. “Theoretical, Methodological and Terminological Issues Regarding Indirect Translation: An Overview.” Special Issue of Translation Studies 10 (2): 113–132.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bączkowska, Anna. 2015. “Quantitative Study of Non-professional Subtitles and Implications for Corpus-based Translator Training.” In Non-professional Interpreting and Translation in the Media, edited by Rachele Antonini, and Chiara Bucaria, 87–111. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Benson, Philip, and Chan, Nikita. 2010. “TESOL After YouTube: Fansubbing and Informal Language Learning”. Taiwan Journal of TESOL 7 (2): 1–23. Accessed March 5, 2022. [URL]
Beseghi, Micol. 2013. “Having Fun in the Classroom: Subtitling Activities.” Language Learning in Higher Education 3 (2): 395–407. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2021. “Bridging the Gap Between Non-professional Subtitling and Translator Training: A Collaborative Approach.” The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 15 (1): 1–16. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bogucki, Łukasz, and Díaz-Cintas, Jorge. 2020. “An Excursus on Audiovisual Translation.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Audiovisual Translation and Media Accessibility, edited by Łukasz Bogucki and Mikołaj Deckert, 11–32. Switzerland: Palgrave Studies in Translating and Interpreting. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bolaños-García-Escribano, Alejandro. 2017. “The Effects of Fansubs on EFL Education for Translation and Interpreting Students: An Empirical Approach.” The Journal of Specialised Translation 281: 122–163.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Brigham, Margaret. 2011. “Creating Citizens and Assessing Outcomes.” Journal of Global Citizenship & Equity Education 1 (1): 15–43.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cámara de la Fuente, Lidia. 2015. “Motivation for Collaboration in TED Open Translation.” International Journal of Web-Based Communication 11 (2): 210–229.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cavanagh, Claire. 2020. “The Role of English in Global Citizenship.” Journal of Global Citizenship & Equity Education 7 (1): 1–23. Accessed 5 March, 2022. [URL]
Council of Europe. 2010. Charter on Education for Democratic Citizenship and Human Rights Education. France: Council of Europe. Accessed 2 February, 2022. [URL]
Craig, Ian. 2017. “Translation Studies and Critical Global Citizenship Pedagogy in Contemporary Anglophone Caribbean Higher Education.” Mutatis Mutandis 101: 19–45. Accessed March 3, 2022. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cronquist, Kathryn, and Fiszbein, Ariel. 2017. English Language Learning in Latin America. The Dialogue: Leadership for the Americas.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dendrinos, Bessie, Gounari, Panayota, and Macedo, Donaldo. 2016. The Hegemony of English. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Díaz-Cintas, Jorge. 2018. “‘Subtitling’s A Carnival’: New Practices In Cyberspace.” The Journal of Specialised Translation 301 (July): 127–149.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Díaz-Cintas, Jorge, and Muñoz Sánchez, Pablo. 2006. “Fansubs: Audiovisual Translation in an Amateur Environment’.” Jostrans: The Journal of Specialised Translation 61 (July): 37–52.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dombek, Magdalena. 2013. “A Study into the Motivations of Internet Users Contributing to Translation Crowdsourcing: The Case of Polish Facebook User-Translators.” Unpublished PhD diss., Dublin City University.
Duraner, Jasmin Esin, Tunali, Gülfer, and Koçak, Müge Işiklar. 2017. “Fansubbers as Cultural Agents for Korean Dramas.” In Non-professional Subtitling, edited by David Orrego-Carmona, and Yvonne Lee, 145–170. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dwyer, Tessa. 2014. “Fansub Dreaming on ViKi”. The Translator 181: 217–243. Accessed 4 February, 2021. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 2006. “Communities of Practice.” In Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, edited by Keith Brown, 683–685. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gambier, Yves. 2013. “The Position of Audiovisual Translation Studies.” In The Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies, edited by Carmen Millan-Varela, and Francesca Bartrina, 45–59. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2018. “Translation Studies, Audiovisual Translation and Reception.” In Reception studies and Audiovisual Translation, edited by Elena Di Giovanni, and Yves Gambier, 43–68. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Garrison, Kasey L., Forest, Danielle E., and Kimmel, Sue C. 2014. “Curation in Translation: Promoting Global Citizenship through Literature.” School Libraries Worldwide 20 (1): 70–96. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gerbner, George. 1998. “Cultivation Analysis: An Overview.” Mass Communication and Society 11: 175–194. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gerbner, George, Gross, Larry, Morgan, Michael, and Signorielli, Nancy. 1986. “Living with Television: The Dynamics of the Cultivation Process.” In Perspectives on Media Effects, edited by Dolf Zillmann, and Jennings Bryant, 17–40. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hawkins, Robert P., and Pingree, Suzanne. 1982. “Television’s Influence on Constructions of Social Reality.” In Television and Behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Progress and Implications for the Eighties, edited by David Pearl, Lorraine Bouthilet, and Joyce B. Lazar, 224–247. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hirsch, Eric Donald, Kett, Joseph F., and Trefil, James S. 2002. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Immler, Nicole L., and Sakkers, Hans. 2021. “The UN-Sustainable Development Goals Going Local: Learning from Localising Human Rights.” The International Journal of Human Rights 26 (2): 262–284. Accessed February 5, 2022. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Inter-Agency Secretariat. 2022. “Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4)”. Accessed May 6 2022. [URL]
Ito, Mizuki. 2012. “Contributors Versus Leechers: Fansubbing Ethics and a Hybrid Public Culture.” In Fandom Unbound: Otaku Culture in a Connected World, edited by Mizuki Ito, Daisuke Okabe, and Izumi Tsuji, 179–204. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ivaska, Laura, and Paloposki, Outi. 2018. “Attitudes towards indirect translation in Finland and translators’ strategies: Compilative and collaborative translation.” Translation Studies 11(1): 33–46, Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kamhi-Stein, Lía D., Díaz Maggioli, Gabriel, and de Oliveira, Luciana C. 2017. English Language Teaching in South America: Policy, Preparation and Practices. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters. Accessed June 6, 2021. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kiraly, Don. 2000. A Social Constructivism Approach to Translator Education. Manchester, Northampton.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kozinets, Robert V. 2006. “Netnography.” In The SAGE Dictionary of Social Research Methods, edited by Victor Jupp. London: SAGE Publication. Accessed 6 February, 2022. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2010. Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Los Angeles; London; New Dheli; Singapore; Washington DC: Sage Publications Ltd.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lakarnchua, Onuma. 2015. “Examining the Potential of Fansubbing as a Language Learning Activity.” Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching 11 (1): 32–44. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lave, Jean, and Wenger, Etienne. 1997. Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Law, Julienna. 2022. “Could C-dramas become the new K-dramas?” Jing Daily. Accessed 21 February, 2022. [URL]
Lee, Hye-Kyung. 2009. “Between Fan Culture and Copyright Infringement: Manga Scanlation.” Media, Culture & Society 31 (6): 1011–1022. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Leicht, Alexander, Heiss, Julia, and Jung Byun, Won. 2018. Issues and Trends in Education for Sustainable Development. France: UNESCO. Accessed 5 March, 2021. [URL]
Leonard, Sean. 2005. “Progress Against the Law: Anime and Fandom, with the Key to the Globalization of Culture.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 8 (3): 281–305. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Li, Dang. 2015. “Amateur Translation and The Development of a Participatory Culture in China: A Netnographic Study of The Last Fantasy Fansubbing Group.” PhD diss., University of Manchester.
McDonough-Dolmaya, Julie. 2012. “Analyzing the Crowdsourcing Model and its Impact on Public Perceptions of Translation.” The Translator 18 (2): 167–191. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mesipuu, Marit. 2012. “Translation Crowdsourcing and User-Translator Motivation at Facebook and Skype.” Translation Spaces 11: 33–53. Accessed 26 May, 2021. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Middleton, Richard. 2022. “Chinese streamer iQiyi targets originals at Lat Am & Spain.” TBI Vision. Accessed 18 February, 2022. [URL]
MISTI. 2021. “Education After the Pandemic in Latin America,” YouTube video, 23 July 2021. Accessed February 25, 2022. [URL]
Morgan, Michael, Shanahan, James, and Signorielli, Nancy. 2017. “Cultivation: Idea, Topical Fields and Methodology.” In The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects, edited by Patrick Rössler. Massachusets, US: John Wiley & Sons. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nabi, Robin L., and Sullivan, John L. 2001. “Does Television Viewing Relate to Engagement in Protective Action against Crime? A Cultivation Analysis from a Theory of Reasoned Action Perspective.” Communication Research 28 (6): 802–825. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nguyen, Thanh Tam. 2017. “On Finding a New Definition of Indirect Translation.” Paper presented at The 8th Asian Translation Tradition Conference At SOAS: Conflicting Ideologies and Cultural Mediation – Hearing, Interpreting, Translating Global Voices, University of London, London, 5–7 July, 2017.
O’Brien, Sharon, and Schäler, Reinhard. 2010. “Next Generation Translation and Localization: Users are Taking Charge.” Translating and the Computer 321: 18–19.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
O’Hagan, Minako. 2008. “Fan Translation Networks: An Accidental Translator Training Environment?” In Translator and Interpreter Training: Methods and Debates, edited by John Kearns, 158–183. London: Continuum.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2013. “Understanding Fan-translation: Pop Culture and Geeks too Cool for Translation Schools?” In Translation Right or Wrong, edited by Susana Bayó-Belenguer, Eiléan Ni Chuilleanáin, Cormac Ó Cuilleanáin, and Giulia Zuodar, 230–245. Dublin: Four Courts Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Oliver, Mary Beth, Raney, Arthur A., and Bryant, Jennings. 2020. Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Orrego-Carmona, David. 2014. “Using Non-professional Subtitling Platforms for Translator Training.” Rivista Internazionale Di Tecnica Della Traduzione = International Journal of Translation 151: 129–144.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2018. “New Audiences, International Distribution, and Translation.” In Reception Studies and Audiovisual Translation, edited by Elena Di Giovanni, and Yves Gambier, 321–342. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pięta, Hanna. 2014. “What do (We Think) We Know about Indirectness in Literary Translation? A Tentative Review of the State-of-the-art and Possible Research Avenues.” In Traducció Indirecta en la Literatura Catalana, edited by Iván García Sala, Diana Sanz Roig, and Bożena Zaboklicka, 15–34. Lleida: Punctum.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2019. “Indirect Translation: Main Trends in Practice and Research.” Slovo.ru: Baltijskij Accent 10 (1): 21–36. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pięta, Hanna, and Bueno Maya, Rita. 2015. “Integrating Indirect Translation into the Academic Education of Future Generations of Translators across Europe: A Lisbon Model.” Poster presented at the Translating Europe Forum, Brussels, European Commission, 29–30 October, 2015.
Pięta, Hanna, Bueno Maia, Rita, and Torres-Simón, Ester. 2022. Indirect Translation Explained. London: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Porter, Constance Elise. 2004. “A Typology of Virtual Communities: A Multi-Disciplinary Foundation for Future Research.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 10 (1). Accessed February 24, 2022. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rembert-Lang, LaToya D. 2010. “Reinforcing the Tower of Babel: The Impact of Copyright Law on Fansubbing.” Intellectual Property Brief 2 (2): 21–33.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Shliakhovchuk, Elena. 2019. “After Cultural Literacy: New Models of Intercultural Competency for Life and Work in a VUCA World.” Educational Review 73 (1):1–32. Accessed January 6, 2022. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stein, Jan-Philipp, Krause, Elena, and Ohler, Peter. 2019. “Every (insta)gram Counts? Applying Cultivation Theory to Explore the Effects of Instagram on Young Users’ Body Image.” Psychology of Popular Media Culture 10 (1): 87–97. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Torres, Rosa María. 2013. “Youth and Adult Education and Lifelong Learning in Latin America and the Caribbean.” In Learning with Adults, edited by Peter Mayo, 19–31. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. Accessed February 2, 2021. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Torres-Simón, Ester, Pięta, Hanna, Bueno Maia, Rita, and Xavier, Catarina. 2021. “Indirect Translation in Translator Training: Taking Stock and Looking Ahead.” The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 15 (2): 260–281. Accessed 24 December, 2021. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tuen Man, Ng, and Chan, Chung Shing. 2019. “Investigating Film-Induced Tourism Potential: The Influence of Korean TV Dramas on Hong Kong Young Adults.” Asian Geographer 37 (1): 53–73.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tuominen, Tiina. 2018. “Multi-Method Research: Reception in Context.” In Reception Studies and Audiovisual Translation, edited by Elena Di Giovanni, and Yves Gambier, 69–90. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2019. “Experiencing Translated Media: Why Audience Research Needs Translation Studies.” The Translator 25 (3): 229–241. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
UNESCO. 2002. UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity. Paris: UNESCO. Accessed 14 February, 2022. [URL]
. 2019. Fact Sheet no. 56. September 2019. Accessed 17 February, 2022. [URL]
. 2021. “UNESCO and Partners Host High-level Meeting and Discussed the Advancement of Gender Equality and Inclusion in Latin America and the Caribbean.” Press release, May 11, 2021. [URL]
. 2022. “What You Need to Know about Leading SDG4 – Education 2030.” Unesco. May 5, 2022. [URL]
UNESCO/SUMMA. 2019. Nota Conceptual Informe GEM 2020. América Latina y el Caribe: Inclusión y Educación [Latin America and the Caribbean: Inclusion and Education] Chile: Summa. Accessed 17 February, 2022. [URL]
United Nations. 2017. United Nations (2017) Resolution: Work of the Statistical Commission Pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Accessed 17 February, 2022. [URL]
. 2020. Global Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and Targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Accessed 17 February, 2022. [URL]
United Nations Statistics Division. 2022a. Goal 4: Quality Education. Accessed 12 February, 2022. [URL]
. 2022b. SDG Indicator Metadata. Accessed 12 February, 2022. [URL]
Van Rooyen, Marlie. 2018. “Investigating Translation Flows: Community Radio News in South Africa.” Across Languages and Cultures 19 (2): 259–278. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Vazquez-Calvo, Boris, Zhang, Leticia Tian, Pascual, Mariona, and Cassany, Daniel. 2019. “Fan Translation of Games, Anime and Fanfiction.” Language Learning & Technology 23 (1): 49–71.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Vu, Hong Tien, and Lee, Tien-Tsung. 2013. “Soap Operas as a Matchmaker: A Cultivation Analysis of the Effects of South Korean TV Dramas on Vietnamese Women’s Marital Intentions.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 90 (2): 308–330. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Whyatt, Bogusława, and Pavlović, Nataša. 2021. “Translating Languages of Low Diffusion: Current and Future Avenues.” The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 15 (2): 141–153. Accessed 16 February, 2022. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Yang, Guobin. 2009. The Power of the Internet in China: Citizen Activism Online. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zeng, Shiheng, Chiu, Won Lee, Kang, Hyun-Wook, and Park, Chanmin. 2015. “South Korea’s Destination Image: Comparing Perceptions of Film and Nonfilm Chinese Tourists.” Social Behavior and Personality 43 (9): 1453–1462. Accessed 8 January, 2022. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue