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In:Term Variation in Specialised Corpora: Characterisation, automatic discovery and applications
Béatrice Daille
[Terminology and Lexicography Research and Practice 19] 2017
► pp. v–x

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Published online: 7 August 2017
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https://doi.org/10.1075/tlrp.19.toc

Table of contents

Acknowledgements xi
1Introduction 1
1.1Preliminary example 3
1.2Variants and terminological analysis 4
1.3The automatic detection of variants 6
1.4Variants and applications 7
1.5Typographical conventions 7
ICharacterisation
2Definitions 11
2.1Term 11
2.2Derivation 14
2.3Compounding 15
2.3.1Morphological compounds 16
2.3.2Border between derivation and compounding 18
2.3.3Syntagmatic compounds 19
2.3.4Border between morphological and syntagmatic compounds 20
2.4Borrowing 21
2.5Term patterns 22
2.5.1Simple term patterns 23
2.5.2Morphological compound patterns 23
2.5.3Syntagmatic compound patterns 24
2.5.4Frequency of term patterns 27
2.6Term variants 29
2.6.1The definition of variant 29
2.6.2Denominative variants 30
2.6.3Conceptual variants 30
2.7Border between terms and variants 31
3Conceptualisation of terminological variants 33
3.1Description of variants 34
3.1.1Organisation of variants 34
3.1.2Mechanisms and linguistic operations 36
3.1.3Properties of variants 37
3.2Denominative variants 37
3.2.1Synonymic substitution 38
3.2.2Simplification 40
3.2.3Exemplification 43
3.2.4Competing patterns 45
3.3Conceptual variants 46
3.3.1Expansion 46
3.3.2Anaphorical reduction 51
3.4Linguistic variants 52
3.4.1Graphics and spelling 52
3.4.2Inflection 55
3.4.3Derivation 56
3.4.4Fullback-compounding 56
3.4.5Modification 57
3.4.6Coordination, disjunction and enumeration 58
3.5Variants of register 62
3.5.1Variation of scientification/popularisation 62
3.5.2Variants of position 63
3.6Borders between categories of variants 63
3.6.1Denominative and linguistic variants 64
3.6.2Denominative and conceptual variants 64
3.6.3Conceptual and linguistic variants 64
4Semantics of conceptual variants 67
4.1Structuring terms 67
4.1.1Conceptual and semantic relations 68
4.1.2Classic semantic relations 68
4.1.3Collocation 70
4.1.4Lexical functions 70
4.2Fundamental relations between term and variant 73
4.2.1Synonymy 73
4.2.2Hierarchical relations 74
4.3Complex relations between term and variant 75
4.3.1Result 76
4.3.2Plurality 77
4.3.3Spatiality 77
4.3.4Temporality 78
4.3.5Quality 78
4.4Other relations between term and variant 79
4.4.1Predication 79
4.4.2Instance 79
IIAutomatic discovery
5Primitive exploration 83
5.1Comparable corpora 83
5.1.1Corpus 83
5.1.2Properties 84
5.1.3Collecting comparable corpora 86
5.1.4Comparability 87
5.2Comparable corpora used in this study 87
5.3Looking for variants 89
5.3.1Implementation 89
5.3.2N-gram massive data 90
5.3.3Unigrams 91
5.3.4Skip-grams 99
5.3.5Categories of variants facing data 101
5.4Comparison according to communication levels 104
5.4.1Unigrams 104
5.4.2Skip-grams 105
6Processing methods 109
6.1Linguistic-based methods 110
6.1.1Morphological analysis 110
6.1.2Syntagmatic and paradigmatic analysis 111
6.1.3Syntactic analysis 112
6.1.4Distributional analysis 113
6.2Algorithms on strings 114
6.2.1Distance computed from common substrings 115
6.2.2Edit distances 117
6.3Statistical methods 120
6.4Typology of variant occurrences 121
6.4.1Isolated variant occurrences 121
6.4.2Inter-mixed term and variant occurrences 122
6.4.3Separated term and variant occurrences 123
6.5Relationship between processing methods and types of occurrences 124
7Grammar of variants 125
7.1Specifications and properties 125
7.1.1Expressivity of the syntagmatic rules 126
7.1.2Core operations 129
7.1.3Ambiguity of the syntactic analysis 130
7.2Generic grammar of recognition of variants 132
7.2.1Competing structures 133
7.2.2Augmented/reduced structures 134
7.2.3Contextual structures 135
7.2.4Function words 135
7.2.5Ad-hoc rules 135
7.3Variant grammars for specific languages 136
7.4Cross-lingual observations 138
7.4.1Coverage 138
7.4.2Precision 140
7.5Summary of observations 146
8Synonymic variants 147
8.1Distributional analysis 147
8.1.1Modelling of the distributional methods 148
8.1.2Observations in specialised domains 151
8.2Compositional method 152
8.3Semi-compositional method 153
8.4Cross-lingual and cross-method observations 154
8.4.1Reference lists of synonyms 155
8.4.2Experimental setup parameters 157
8.4.3Evaluation measures 158
8.4.4Results 159
8.5Towards the detection of antonymic variants 165
IIIApplications and tools
9Terminology extraction 171
9.1The core of terminology extraction 172
9.2Collecting candidate terms 173
9.2.1Patterns 173
9.2.2Generic rules 173
9.2.3Borders 176
9.2.4Lexical expansion 176
9.3Filtering and sorting candidate terms 177
9.3.1Frequency 178
9.3.2Association measures 178
9.3.3Specificity measures 179
9.3.4Filtering by removing nested terms 182
9.3.5Contextual filtering 183
9.3.6Supervised learning methods 185
9.4Evaluation 186
9.4.1References 187
9.4.2Measures 189
9.5Comparing term extraction without and with variant recognition 190
9.6Experimental setting 190
9.6.1Corpora 190
9.6.2Our integrated terminology extraction 192
9.6.3Comparison protocol 194
9.6.4Maximum recall 194
9.6.5Observations with a posteriori RTL 195
9.6.6Observations with a priori RTL 199
9.7Summary of observations 201
10End-user applications and tools 205
10.1Machine-aided indexing and FASTR 205
10.2Thematic cartography and TermWatch 206
10.3TermSuite 208
10.3.1Architecture 208
10.3.2Token Regex 208
10.3.3Compost 212
10.3.4Variant grouping 216
10.3.5Ranking by termhood 219
10.3.6Performance 220
10.3.7Release 221
IVConclusions
11Term variants and their discovery 225
11.1Summary of the present study 225
11.1.1A unified typology of term variants 225
11.1.2A variety of methods for the discovery of variants 226
11.1.3A terminology-resource building application 228
11.2Remaining issues and direction for further research 229
11.2.1Semantic analysis of variations 229
11.2.2Distributional analysis at the morpheme level 230
11.2.3Recognition of other variants 231
11.3Implications for related studies 231
11.3.1Variants and paraphrases 231
11.3.2Variants and translation 232
Bibliography 235
ANotation 247
A.1Examples 247
A.2Domains 247
A.3corpus 247
BMultext categories 249
CSearch AntConc 251
C.1Parameters 251
C.2Collection of n-grams 251
C.3Results of n-grams 253
DGGRV 257
D.1French 257
D.2English 260
D.3Spanish 263
D.4German 266
D.5Russian 268
Index 271
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