Article published In: Translation and Interpreting Studies
Vol. 19:2 (2024) ► pp.234–256
Probing the cognitive load of consecutive interpreters
A corpus-based study
Published online: 9 November 2023
https://doi.org/10.1075/tis.22047.mor
https://doi.org/10.1075/tis.22047.mor
Abstract
This study employs four purpose-built corpora to assess the frequency of the disfluency marker uh (emm) in Chinese-English consecutive interpreting (CI) renditions as a proxy measure of interpreters’ cognitive load. Based on Plevoets and Defrancq (Plevoets, Koen, and Bart Defrancq. 2016. “The effect of informational load on disfluencies in interpreting: A corpus-based regression analysis.” Translation and Interpreting Studies 11(2): 202–224. , . 2018. “The cognitive load of interpreters in the European Parliament: A corpus-based study of predictors for the disfluency uh (m).” Interpreting 20(1): 1–28. ), the frequencies are compared across four informational load indicators: delivery rate, lexical density, proportion of numbers, and sentence length. The analysis also probes the potential influence of interpreting directionality on disfluencies. Results reveal differential effects of the four informational load indicators on disfluencies and, by extension, interpreters’ cognitive load, while Chinese-to-English CI is associated with an increase in disfluencies compared to English-to-Chinese for interpreters with Chinese as their A language.
Keywords: cognitive load, consecutive interpreting, disfluency, corpus, directionality
Article outline
- Introduction
- Four informational load indicators in consecutive interpreting
- Data and methods
- Participants
- Measures
- Corpus data
- Analysis
- Results
- Relations between informational load indicators and disfluencies
- Informational indicators in SC and the frequency of disfluency markers in TE
- Informational indicators in SE and the frequency of disfluency markers in TC
- Informational indicators in TE and the frequency of disfluency markers in TE
- Interpreting directionality and cognitive load
- Discussion
- Conclusion, limitations, and suggestions for future studies
- Notes
References
References (54)
Arumí Ribas, Marta. 2012. “Problems and strategies in consecutive interpreting: A pilot study at two different stages of interpreter training.” Meta 57(3): 812–35.
Alessandrini, Maria Serena. 1990. “Translating numbers in consecutive interpretation: An experimental study.” The Interpreters’ Newsletter (3): 77–80.
Barghout, Alma, Lucía Ruiz Rosendo, and Mónica Varela García. 2015. “The influence of speed on omissions in simultaneous interpretation: An experimental study.” Babel 61(3): 305–334.
Biber, Douglas, Ulla Connor, and Thomas A. Upton. 2007. Discourse on the Move: Using Corpus Analysis to Describe Discourse Structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Buschman, Timothy J., et al. 2011. “Neural substrates of cognitive capacity limitations.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108(27): 11252–11255.
Bóna, Judit, and Mária Bakti. 2020. “The effect of cognitive load on temporal and disfluency patterns of speech: Evidence from consecutive interpreting and sight translation.” Target 32(3): 482–506.
Chen, Sijia. 2017a. “The construct of cognitive load in interpreting and its measurement.” Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice 25(4): 640–57.
. 2017b. “Note-taking in consecutive interpreting: New data from pen recording.” Translation & Interpreting 9(1): 4–23.
. 2020a. “The process of note-taking in consecutive interpreting: A digital pen recording approach.” Interpreting 22(1): 117–39.
. 2020b. “The impact of directionality on the process and product in consecutive interpreting between Chinese and English: Evidence from pen recording and eye tracking.” JoSTrans: The Journal of Specialised Translation 341: 100–17.
. 2022. “Exploring the process of note-taking and consecutive interpreting: A pen-eye-voice approach towards cognitive load.” (Doctoral dissertation, Macquarie University).
Desmet, Bart, Mieke Vandierendonck, and Bart Defrancq. 2018. “Simultaneous interpretation of numbers and the impact of technological support.” In Interpreting and Technology, ed. by Claudio Fantinuoli, 13–27. Berlin: Language Science Press.
Duez, Danielle. 1982. “Silent and non-silent pauses in three speech styles.” Language and Speech 25(1): 11–28.
Fox, John. 2003. “Effect displays in R for generalised linear models.” Journal of Statistical Software 8(15), 1–27.
Gieshoff, Anne Catherine and Andrea Hunziker Heeb. 2023. “Cognitive load and cognitive effort: Probing the psychological reality of a conceptual difference.” Translation, Cognition & Behavior 6(1): 3–28.
Gile, Daniel. 1985. “Le modèle d’efforts et l’équilibre d’interprétation en interprétation simultanée.” Meta 30 (1): 44–48.
. 2008. “Local cognitive load in simultaneous interpreting and its implications for empirical research.” Forum 6(2): 59–77.
. 2009. Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training. Second Edition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Gumul, Ewa. 2021. “Explicitation and cognitive load in simultaneous interpreting: Product-and process-oriented analysis of trainee interpreters’ outputs.” Interpreting 23(1): 45–75.
Han, Chao, and Mehdi Riazi. 2017. “Investigating the effects of speech rate and accent on simultaneous interpretation: A mixed-methods approach.” Across Languages and Cultures 18(2): 237–59.
Halliday, Michael and Frances Christie. 1985. Spoken and Written Language (Language Education). First Edition. Geelong: Deakin University Press.
Ilg, Gérard, and Sylvie Lambert. 1996. “Teaching consecutive interpreting.” Interpreting 1(1): 69–99.
Lee, Sang-Bin. 2015. “Developing an analytic scale for assessing undergraduate students’ consecutive interpreting performances.” Interpreting 17(2): 226–54.
. 2019. “Holistic assessment of consecutive interpretation: How interpreter trainers rate student performances.” Interpreting 21(2): 245–69.
Lin, Yumeng, Qianxi Lü, and Junying Liang. 2018. “Predicting fluency with language proficiency, working memory, and directionality in simultaneous interpreting.” Frontiers in Psychology 91: 1–13.
Liu, Minhua, and Yu-Hsien Chiu. 2009. “Assessing source material difficulty for consecutive interpreting: Quantifiable measures and holistic judgment.” Interpreting 11(2): 244–66.
Li, Changshuan. 2010. “Coping strategies for fast delivery in simultaneous interpretation.” JoSTrans: The Journal of Specialised Translation (13):19–25.
Lü, Qianxi, and Junying Liang. 2019. “Is consecutive interpreting easier than simultaneous interpreting? A corpus-based study of lexical simplification in interpretation.” Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice 27(1): 91–106.
Mazza, Cristina. 2001. “Numbers in simultaneous interpretation.” The Interpreters’ Newsletter 111: 87–104.
Mead, Peter. 2000. “Control of pauses by trainee interpreters in their A and B languages.” The Interpreters’ Newsletter 101: 89–102.
. 2002. “Exploring hesitation in consecutive interpreting: An empirical study.” In Interpreting in the 21st Century: Challenges and Opportunities, ed. by Giuliana Garzone and Maurizio Viezzi, 73–82. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. 2005. “Methodological issues in the study of interpreters’ fluency.” The Interpreters’ Newsletter 131: 39–63.
Mellinger, Christopher D., and Thomas A. Hanson. 2019. “Meta-analyses of simultaneous interpreting and working memory.” Interpreting 21(2): 165–195.
Mikk, Jaan. 2008. “Sentence length for revealing the cognitive load reversal effect in text comprehension.” Educational Studies 34(2): 119–27.
Moser-Mercer, Barbara. 2000. “Simultaneous interpreting: Cognitive potential and limitations.” Interpreting 5(2):83–94.
Napier, Jemina. 2004. “Interpreting omissions: A new perspective.” Interpreting 6(2): 117–142.
Pio, Sonia. 2003. “The relation between ST delivery rate and quality in simultaneous interpretation.” The Interpreters’ Newsletter (12): 69–100.
Plevoets, Koen, and Bart Defrancq. 2016. “The effect of informational load on disfluencies in interpreting: A corpus-based regression analysis.” Translation and Interpreting Studies 11(2): 202–224.
. 2018. “The cognitive load of interpreters in the European Parliament: A corpus-based study of predictors for the disfluency uh (m).” Interpreting 20(1): 1–28.
R Core Team. 2013. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. [URL]
Seeber, Kilian G. 2011. “Cognitive load in simultaneous interpreting. Existing theories – new models.” Interpreting 13(2): 176–204.
2015. “Cognitive load.” In Routledge Encyclopedia of Interpreting Studies, ed. by Pöchhacker Franz, 60–61. London: Routledge.
Seeber, Kilian G. and Dirk Kerzel. 2012. “Cognitive load in simultaneous interpreting: Model meets data.” International Journal of Bilingualism 16(2): 228–242.
Seeber, Kilian G. 2013. “Cognitive load in simultaneous interpreting: Measures and Methods.” Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 25(1): 18–32.
Sweller, John, Jeroen JG van Merriënboer, and Fred Paas. 1998. “Cognitive architecture and instructional design.” Educational Psychology Review 101: 251–296.
. 2019. “Cognitive architecture and instructional design: 20 years later.” Educational Psychology Review 311: 261–292.
Ure, Jean. 1971. “Lexical density and register differentiation.” Applications of Linguistics 271: 443–452.
Welford, Alan Traviss. 1952. “The ‘psychological refractory period’ and the timing of high-speed performance: A review and a theory.” British Journal of Psychology. General Section 43(1): 2–19.
Cited by (2)
Cited by two other publications
Jiang, Xinlei, Yue Jiang & Xiaopeng Zhang
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 6 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
