In:The Acquisition of Reference
Edited by Ludovica Serratrice and Shanley E.M. Allen
[Trends in Language Acquisition Research 15] 2015
► pp. 51–82
Mapping information structure and word order
The acquisition of object placement
Published online: 25 November 2015
https://doi.org/10.1075/tilar.15.03ben
https://doi.org/10.1075/tilar.15.03ben
This chapter focuses on the acquisition of the interplay between information structure and word order. We address the acquisition of Object Verb-Verb
Object (OV-VO) alternations in Russian, Serbo-Croatian, and Ukrainian, object scrambling in German and Dutch, and object shift in Norwegian and Swedish. Acquiring these phenomena does not simply involve the acquisition of a movement operation; children have to acquire the semantic/pragmatic aspects influencing object displacement, as well as how these aspects interact with syntax. Neither the syntax nor the semantics/pragmatics per se makes such phenomena hard to acquire. Rather, mapping information structure onto syntax is challenging. System complexity and low input frequencies also contribute to acquisition delays. This chapter focuses on recent insights into the acquisition of object displacement, and indicates potential directions for future research.
Keywords: acquisition, information structure, object scrambling, object shift, OV-VO
References (66)
Anderssen, M., & Bentzen, K. (2011).
Scandinavian object shift reanalyzed as TP-internal topicalization
. Paper presented at the Comparative Germanic Syntax Workshop (CGSW) 26, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Anderssen, M., Bentzen, K., & Rodina, Y. (2012). Topicality and complexity in the acquisition of Norwegian object shift. Language Acquisition, 19(1), 39–72.
Anderssen, M., Bentzen, K., Rodina, Y., & Westergaard, M. (2010). The acquisition of apparent optionality: Word order in subject and object shift constructions in Norwegian. In M. Anderssen, K. Bentzen, & M. Westergaard (Eds.), Variation in the input: Studies in the acquisition of word order (pp. 241–270). New York, NY: Springer.
Andréasson, M. (2008). Not all objects are born alike – accessibility as a key to pronominal object shift in Swedish and Danish. In M. Butt & T. Holloway King (Eds.), Proceedings of the LFG08 Conference (pp. 26–45). Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
. (2009). Pronominal object shift – not just a matter of shifting or not. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax, 84, 1–20.
. (2010). Object shift or object placement in general. In M. Butt & T. Holloway King (Eds.), Proceedings of the LFG10 Conference (pp. 26–42). Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
Avrutin, S., & Brun, D. (2001). The expression of specificity in a language without determiners: Evidence from child Russian. In A. Do, L. Dominguez, & A. Johansen (Eds.), Proceedings of the 25th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 70–81). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
Bailyn, J.F. (2001). On scrambling: A reply to Bošković and Takahashi. Linguistic Inquiry, 32(4), 635–658.
. (2003). Does Russian scrambling exist? In S. Karimi (Ed.), Word order and scrambling (pp. 156–176). Oxford: Blackwell.
Barbier, I. (2000). An experimental study of scrambling and object shift in the acquisition of Dutch. In S.M. Powers & C. Hamann (Eds.), The acquisition of scrambling and cliticization (pp. 41–69). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Bentzen, K. (2013). Object shift. Nordic Atlas of Linguistic Structures (NALS). Accessed April 21, 2015, at <[URL]>
Bentzen, K., Anderssen, M., & Waldmann, C. (2013). Object shift in spoken Mainland Scandinavian: A corpus study of Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish. Nordic Journal of Linguistics, 36(2), 115–151.
Bošković, Ž. & Takahashi, D. (1998). Scrambling and Last Resort. Linguistic Inquiry, 29(3), 347–366.
Bošković, Ž. (2004). Topicalization, focalization, lexical insertion, and scrambling. Linguistic Inquiry, 35(4), 613–638.
Cinque, G. (1999). Adverbs and functional heads: A cross-linguistic perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Corver, N., & van Riemsdijk, H. (1994). Introduction: Approaches to and properties of scrambling. In N. Corver & H. van Riemsdijk (Eds.), Studies on scrambling: Movement and non-movement approaches to free word-order phenomena (pp. 1–15). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
de Hoop, H. (2000). Optional scrambling and interpretation. In H. Bennis, M. Everaert, & E. Reuland (Eds.), Interface strategies (pp. 153–168). Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (KNAW).
. (2003). Scrambling in Dutch: Optionality and optimality. In S. Karimi (Ed.), Word order and scrambling (pp. 201–216). Oxford: Blackwell.
de Hoop, H., & Krämer, I. (2005/2006). Children’s optimal interpretations of indefinite subjects and objects. Language Acquisition, 13(2), 103–123.
Deen, K.U. (2006). Object agreement and specificity in early Swahili. Journal of Child Language, 33(2), 223–246.
Dyakonova, M. (2004). Information structure development: Evidence from acquisition of word order in Russian and English. Nordlyd: Tromsø Working Papers on Language and Linguistics, 32(1), 88–109.
Grewendorf, G., & Sternefeld, W. (1990). Scrambling theories. In G. Grewendorf & W. Sternefeld (Eds.), Scrambling and barriers (pp. 3–37). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Haider, H. (2005). Mittelfeld phenomena (scrambling in Germanic). In M. Everaert & H. van Riemsdijk (Eds.), The Blackwell companion to syntax (Vol. 2, pp. 668–699). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Haverkort, M., & Weissenborn, J. (2000). Parameters and cliticization in early child German. In S.M. Powers & C. Hamann (Eds.), The acquisition of scrambling and cliticization (pp. 71–93). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Hinterhölzl, R. (2004). Scrambling, optionality and non-lexical triggers. In A. Breitbarth & H. van Riemsdijk (Eds.), Triggers (pp. 173–203). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hoekstra, T., & Jordens, P. (1994). From adjunct to head. In T. Hoekstra & B.D. Schwartz (Eds.), Language acquisition studies in generative grammar (pp. 119–149). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Holmberg, A. (1986). Word order and syntactic features in the Scandinavian languages and English. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Stockholm, Sweden.
. (2000). Deriving OV order in Finnish. In P. Svenonius (Ed.), The derivation of VO and OV (pp. 123–152). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Holmberg, A., & Platzack, C. (1995). The role of inflection in Scandinavian syntax. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ilić, T., & Deen, K.U. (2004). Object raising and cliticization in Serbo-Croatian child language. In A. van Kampen & S. Baauw (Eds.), Proceedings of GALA 2003 (pp. 235–243). Utrecht: LOT.
Josefsson, G. (1996). The acquisition of object shift in Swedish child language. In C.E. Johnson & J.H.V. Gilbert (Eds.), Children’s language 9 (pp. 153–165). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
. (2003). Four myths of object shift … and the truth. In L.-O. Delsing, C. Falk, G. Josefsson, & H. Sigurðsson (Eds.), Grammar in focus, Vol. 2: Festschrift for Christer Platzack (pp. 199–207). Lund, Sweden: Department of Scandinavian Languages, Lund University.
. (2010). Object shift and optionality: An intricate interplay between syntax, prosody and information structure. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax, 86, 1–24.
Junghanns, U., & Zybatow, G. (1995). Syntax and information structure of Russian clauses. In W. Browne (Ed.), Formal approaches to Slavic linguistics 4 (pp. 289–319). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Karimi, S. (2003). On object positions, specificity, and scrambling in Persian. In S. Karimi (Ed.), Word order and scrambling (pp. 91–124). Oxford: Blackwell.
Kornfilt, J. (2003). Scrambling, subscrambling and Case in Turkish. In S. Karimi (Ed.), Word order and scrambling (pp. 125–155). Oxford: Blackwell.
Krämer, I. (2000). Interpreting indefinites: An experimental study of children’s language comprehension (Doctoral dissertation, Utrecht University). Nijmegen, NL: MPI Series in Psycholinguistics.
Müller, N., & Hulk, A. (2000). Bilingual first language acquisition at the interface between syntax and pragmatics. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 3(3), 227–244.
Mykhaylyk, R. (2009). The role of semantic features in scrambling. In M. Bowles, T. Ionin, S. Montrul, & A. Tremblay (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Generative Approaches to Second Language Acquisition Conference (GASLA 2009) (pp. 157–167). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
. (2012). Factors contributing to child scrambling: Evidence from Ukrainian. Journal of Child Language, 39(3), 553–579.
Mykhaylyk, R. & Ko, H. (2010). Optional scrambling is not random: Evidence from English-Ukranian acquisition. In M. Anderssen, K. Bentzen & M. Westergaard (Eds.), Variation in the input: Studies in the acquisition of word order (pp. 207–240). Dordrecht: Springer.
Penner, Z., Schönenberger, M., & Weissenborn, J. (1994). The acquisition of object placement in early German and Swiss German. Linguistics in Potsdam, 1, 93–108.
Penner, Z., Tracy, R., & Weissenborn, J. (2000). Where scrambling begins: Triggering object scrambling at the early stage in German and Bernese Swiss German. In S.M. Powers & C. Hamann (Eds.), The acquisition of scrambling and cliticization (pp. 127–165). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Platzack, C. (1996). The initial hypothesis of syntax: A minimalist perspective on language acquisition and attrition. In H. Clahsen (Ed.), Generative perspectives on language acquisition: Empirical findings, theoretical considerations, and crosslinguistic comparisons (pp. 369–414). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Schaeffer, J. (2000a). The acquisition of direct object scrambling and clitic placement: Syntax and pragmatics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. (2000b). Object scrambling and specificity in Dutch child language. In S.M. Powers & C. Hamann (Eds.), The acquisition of scrambling and cliticization (pp. 71–95). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Sekerina, I.A. (1997). The syntax and processing of scrambling constructions in Russian. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). City University of New York, NY.
. (2003). Scrambling and processing: Dependencies, complexity, and constraints. In S. Karimi (Ed.), Word order and scrambling (pp. 301–324). Oxford: Blackwell.
Serratrice, L., Sorace, A., & Paoli, S. (2004). Crosslinguistic influence at the syntax-pragmatics interface: Subjects and objects in English-Italian bilingual and monolingual acquisition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7(3), 183–206.
Sorace, A. (2011). Pinning down the concept of “interface” in bilinguals. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 1(1), 1–33.
Sorace, A., & Filiaci, F. (2006). Anaphora resolution in near-native speakers of Italian. Second Language Research, 22(3), 339–368.
Stromswold, K. (1995). The acquisition of subject and object wh-questions. Language Acquisition, 4(1/2), 5–48.
Thráinsson, H. (2001). Object shift and scrambling. In M. Baltin & C. Collins (Eds.), The handbook of contemporary syntactic theory (pp. 148–202). Oxford: Blackwell.
Unsworth. S. (2005). Child L2, adult L2, child L1: Differences and similarities: A study on the acquisition of direct object scrambling in Dutch (Doctoral dissertation, Utrecht University). Utrecht, NL: LOT.
Vikner, S. (1994). Scandinavian object shift and West Germanic scrambling. In N. Corver & H. van Riemsdijk (Eds.), Studies on scrambling (pp. 487–517). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
. (2006). Object shift. In M. Everaert & H. van Riemsdijk (Eds.), The Blackwell companion to syntax (Volume 3, pp. 392–436). Oxford: Blackwell.
. (1995). Discourse configurationality in Finnish. In K. É. Kiss (Ed.), Discourse configurational languages (pp. 244–268). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Westergaard, M. (2009). Acquisition of word order: Micro-cues, information structure, and economy. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 6 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
