In:Language in Interaction: Studies in honor of Eve V. Clark
Edited by Inbal Arnon, Marisa Casillas, Chigusa Kurumada and Bruno Estigarribia
[Trends in Language Acquisition Research 12] 2014
► pp. 333–352
How to talk with children
Published online: 17 July 2014
https://doi.org/10.1075/tilar.12.24cla
https://doi.org/10.1075/tilar.12.24cla
It is generally assumed that adults learn how to talk with children in a special style called child-directed speech. But this cannot be the whole story. Each child’s ability to speak and understand is a moving target, changing yearly, weekly, even daily. How could adults adapt to these changes? Evidence shows that in conversation both adults and children try to establish, as they go along, the mutual belief that they have understood each other well enough for current purposes. It is this process, called grounding, that allows adults to infer the child’s current abilities and to adapt their speech to that child. Adults, then, learn how to talk with children in the very act of talking with them.
References (41)
Bates, E., Camaioni, L., & Volterra, V. (1975). The acquisition of performatives prior to speech.
Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development
, 21(3), 205–226.
Chouinard, M.M., & Clark, E.V. (2003). Adult reformulations of child errors as negative evidence.
Journal of Child Language
, 30(3), 637–670.
Clark, E.V. (2007). Young children’s uptake of new words in conversation.
Language in Society
, 36(2), 157–182.
Clark, E.V., & Bernicot, J. (2008). Repetition as ratification: How parents and children place information in common ground.
Journal of Child Language
, 35(2), 349–372.
Clark, E.V., & Estigarribia, B. (2011). Using speech and gesture to introduce new objects to young children.
Gesture
, 11(1), 1–23.
Clark, H.H., & Brennan, S.A. (1991). Grounding in communication. In L.B. Resnick, J.M. Levine, & S.D. Teasley (Eds.),
Perspectives on socially shared cognition
(pp. 127–149). Washington, DC: APA Books.
Clark, H.H., & Krych, M.A. (2004). Speaking while monitoring addressees for understanding.
Journal of Memory and Language
, 50(1), 62–81.
Clark, H.H., & Schaefer, E.F. (1987). Collaborating on contributions to conversations.
Language and Cognitive Processes
, 2(1), 19–41.
Clark, H.H., & Wilkes-Gibbs, D. (1986). Referring as a collaborative process.
Cognition
, 22(1), 1–39.
Estigarribia, B., & Clark, E.V. (2007). Getting and maintaining attention in talk to young children.
Journal of Child Language
, 34(4), 799–814.
. (1977). Baby talk as a simplified register. In C.E. Snow & C.A. Ferguson (Eds.),
Talking to children: Language input and acquisition
, 209–235. Cambridge: CUP.
. (1982). Simplified registers and linguistic theory. In L.K. Obler (Ed.),
Exceptional language and linguistics
(pp. 49–66). New York, NY:Academic Press.
Fernald, A. (1989). Intonation and communicative intent in mothers’ speech to infants: Is the melody the message?
Child Development
, 60, 1497–1510.
. (1993). Approval and disapproval: Infant responsiveness to vocal affect in familiar and unfamiliar languages.
Child Development
, 64(3), 657–674.
Forrester, M.A., & Cherington, S.M. (2009). The development of other-related conversational skills: A case study of conversational repair during the early years.
First Language
, 29(2), 166–191.
Geluykens, R. (1992).
From discourse process to grammatical construction: On left-dislocation in English
. John Benjamins.
Godfrey, J.J., Holliman, E.G., & McDaniel, J. (1992). SWITCHBOARD: Telephone speech corpus for research and development.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing
.
(ICASSP-92) (pp. 517–520). San Francisco, CA: IEEE.
Golinkoff, R.M. (1983). The preverbal negotiation of failed messages: Insights into the transition period. In R.M. Golinkoff (Ed.),
The transition from prelinguistic to linguistic communication
(pp. 57–78). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Goodwin, C. (1986). Between and within: Alternative sequential treatments of continuers and assessments.
Human Studies
, 9(2–3), 205–217.
Jefferson, G. (1982). On exposed and embedded correction in conversation.
Studium Linguisticum
, 14, 58–68.
. (1984). Notes on a systematic deployment of the acknowledgement tokens “yeah” and “mm hm”.
Papers in Linguistics,
17, 197–216.
. (2002). Is “no” an acknowledgment token? Comparing American and British uses of ( + )/(−) tokens.
Journal of Pragmatics
, 34(10), 1345–1383.
Laakso, M., & Soininen, M. (2010). Mother-initiated repair sequences in interactions of 3-year-old children.
First Language
, 30(3–4), 329–353.
Newport, E.L., Gleitman, H., & Gleitman, L.R. (1977). ‘Mother, I’d rather do it myself’: Some effects and non-effects of maternal speech style. In C.E. Snow & C.A. Ferguson (Eds.),
Talking to children: Language input and acquisition
(pp. 109–149). Cambridge: CUP.
Sacks, H., Schegloff, E.A., & Jefferson, G. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation.
Language
, 50, 696–735.
Salonen, T., & Laakso, M.L. (2009). Self-repair of speech by four-year-old Finnish children.
Journal of Child Language
, 36(4), 855–882.
Schegloff, E.A. (1982). Discourse as an interactional achievement: Some use of “uh-huh” and other things that come between sentences. In D. Tannen (Ed.),
Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics, Analyzing discourse: Text and talk
(pp. 71–93). Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
. (2007).
Sequence organization in interaction, Vol. 1: A primer in conversation analysis
. Cambridge: CUP.
Schegloff, E.A., Jefferson, G., & Sacks, H. (1977). The preference for self-correction in the organization of repair in conversation.
Language
, 53, 361–382.
Scollon, R. (1976).
Conversations with a one year old: A case study of the developmental foundation of syntax
. Honolulu, HI: University Press of Hawaii.
. (1979). A real early stage: An unzippered condensation of a dissertation on child language. In E. Ochs (Ed.),
Developmental pragmatics
(pp. 215–227). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Snow, C.E. (1972). Mothers’ speech to children learning language.
Child Development
, 43(2), 549–565.
. (1977). The development of conversation between mothers and babies.
Journal of Child Language
, 4(1), 1–22.
Cited by (3)
Cited by three other publications
Masson, Caroline
2024. Interaction and language acquisition in non-family settings. Language, Interaction and Acquisition 15:1 ► pp. 13 ff.
Masson, Caroline
2024. Interactions et acquisition du langage en milieu extrafamilial. Language, Interaction and Acquisition 15:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Marcos, Haydée, Anne Salazar Orvig, Christine da Silva-Genest & Julien Heurdier
2021. The influence of dialogue in young children’s uses of referring
expressions. In The Acquisition of Referring Expressions [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 28], ► pp. 203 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 6 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
