In:Pragmatic Development in First Language Acquisition
Edited by Danielle Matthews
[Trends in Language Acquisition Research 10] 2014
► pp. 183–198
Scalar Implicature
Published online: 26 June 2014
https://doi.org/10.1075/tilar.10.11kat
https://doi.org/10.1075/tilar.10.11kat
Children younger than 5½ years of age do not draw inferences based on the quantity of information expressed (e.g. the inference that ‘some of the animals are sleeping’ implies ‘not all the animals are sleeping’) at the rates that adults do. Explanations of this difficulty include limited processing resources, shallow lexical entries and lack of adult-like expectations of informativeness. I review experimental evidence and theoretical accounts of the development of the ability to draw these inferences with the aim (a) to highlight links between potentially related phenomena (such as these inferences and word learning), and (b) to outline a novel account which makes predictions about the underlying mechanisms and age of acquisition of these inferences.
References (48)
Baldwin, D.A. (1993). Infants’ ability to consult the speaker for clues to word reference.
Journal of Child Language
, 20, 395–418.
Bagassi, M., D’Addario, M., Macchi, L., & Sala, V. (2009). Children’s acceptance of underinformative sentences: The case of some as a determiner.
Thinking & Reasoning
, 15(2), 211–235.
Barner, D., & Bachrach, A. (2010). Inference and exact numerical representation in early language development.
Cognitive Psychology
, 60, 40–62.
Barner, D., Brooks, N., & Bale, A. (2011). Accessing the unsaid: The role of scalar alternatives in children’s pragmatic inference.
Cognition
, 118, 87–96.
Barner, D., Chow, K., & Yang, S.-J. (2009). Finding one’s meaning: A test of the relation between quantifiers and integers in language development.
Cognitive Psychology
, 58, 195–219.
Bott, L. & Noveck, I.A. (2004). Some utterances are underinformative: the onset and time course of scalar inferences.
Journal of Memory and Language
, 51, 437–457.
Carston, R. (1998). Informativeness, relevance and scalar implicature. In R. Carston & S. Uchida (Eds.),
Relevance Theory: Applications and Implications
(pp. 179–236). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Clark, E.V. (1987). The principle of contrast: A constraint on language acquisition. In B. MacWhinney (Ed.),
Mechanisms of Language Acquisition
(pp. 1–33). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Chierchia, G. (2004). Scalar implicatures, polarity phenomena, and the syntax/pragmatics interface. In A. Belletti (Ed.),
Structures and Beyond
(pp. 39–103). Oxford: OUP.
Chierchia, G., Fox, D. & Spector, B. (in press). The grammatical view of scalar implicatures and the relationship between semantics and pragmatics. In K. von Heusinger, C. Maienborn & P. Portner (Eds.),
Handbook of Semantics
. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Davies, C., & Katsos, N. (2010). Over-informative children: Production/comprehension asymmetry or tolerant of pragmatic violations?
Lingua
, 120(8), 1956–72.
De Neys, W., & Schaeken, W. (2007). When people are more logical under cognitive load: Dual task impact on scalar implicature.
Experimental Psychology
, 54, 128–133.
Feeney, A., Scrafton, S., Duckworth, A. & Handley, S.J. (2004). The story of some: Everyday pragmatic inference by children and adults.
Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology
58(2): 121–132.
Grassmann, S., Stracke, M., & Tomasello, M. (2009). Two-year-olds exclude novel objects as potential referents of novel words based on pragmatics.
Cognition, 112
, 488–493.
Grice, H.P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J.L. Morgan (Eds.),
Syntax and Semantics
, Vol. 3. (pp. 41–58). New York, NY: Academic Press. Reprinted in Grice, H.P. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
Grosse, G., Schulze, C., Noveck,, I., A., Tomasello, M., & Katsos, N. (in preparation). Early success with inferential communication.
Guasti, M.T., Chierchia, G., Crain, S., Foppolo F., Gualmini, A., & Meroni, L. (2005). Why children and adults sometimes (but not always) compute implicatures.
Language and Cognitive Processes
, 20(5), 667–696.
Horn, L. (1984). Toward a new taxonomy for pragmatic inference. In D. Schiffrin (Ed.),
Meaning, Form and Use in Context: Linguistic Applications, Proceedings of GURT ‘84
(pp. 11–42). Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
. (1992). The said and the unsaid.
SALT II: Proceedings of the Second Conference on Semantics and Linguistic Theory
(pp. 163–92). Columbus, OH: Ohio State University, Department of Linguistics.
. (2004). Implicature. In L.R. Horn & G. Ward (Eds.),
The Handbook of Pragmatics
(pp. 3–28). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Huang, Y. & Snedeker, J. (2009). Semantic meaning and pragmatic interpretation in five-year olds: Evidence from real time spoken language comprehension.
Developmental Psychology
, 45(6), 1723–1739.
Katsos, N. (2008). The semantics/pragmatics interface from an experimental perspective: The case of scalar implicature.
Synthese
, 165, 358–401.
. (2009). Neither default nor particularised: Scalar implicature from a developmental perspective. In U. Sauerland & K. Yatsushiro (Eds.),
Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics
(pp. 51–73). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Katsos, N., Andrés Roqueta, C., Estevan, R.A.C., & Cummins, C. (2011). Are children with specific language impairment competent with the pragmatics and logic of quantification?
Cognition
, 119, 43–57.
Katsos, N., & Bishop, D.V.M. (2011). Pragmatic tolerance: Implications for the acquisition of informativeness and implicature.
Cognition
, 120, 67–81.
Katsos, N., & Smith, N. (2010). Pragmatic tolerance and speaker-comprehender asymmetries. In K. Franich, K.M. Iserman, & L.L. Keil (Eds.),
Proceedings of the 34th Annual Boston Conference in Language Development
(pp. 221–232). Somerville MA: Cascadilla Press.
de Marchena, A., Eigsti, I.-E., Worek, A., Emiko Ono, K. & Snedeker, J. (2011). Mutual exclusivity in autism spectrum disorders: Testing the pragmatic hypothesis.
Cognition
, 119(1), 96–113.
Markman, E.M., & Wachtel, G.F. (1988). Children’s use of mutual exclusivity to constrain the meanings of words.
Cognitive Psychology
, 20, 121–157.
Matthews, D., Lieven, E., Theakston A., Tomasello, M. (2009). Pronoun co-referencing errors: Challenges for generativist and usage-based accounts.
Cognitive Linguistics
, 20(3), 599–626.
Noveck, I.A., Chierchia, G., Chevaux, F., Guelminger, R., & Sylvestre, E. (2002).
Linguistic-pragmatic Factors in Interpreting Disjunctions
.
Thinking and Reasoning
, 8, 297–326.
Papafragou, A., & Musolino, J. (2003). Scalar implicatures: Experiments at the semantics/pragmatics interface.
Cognition
, 86, 253–282.
Papafragou, A., & Tantalou, N. (2004). Children’s computation of implicatures.
Language Acquisition
, 12(1), 71–82.
Paterson, K.B., Liversedge, L.P., White, D., Filik, R., & Jaz, K. (2005). Children’s interpretation of ambiguous focus in sentences with ‘‘only’’.
Language Acquisition
, 13(3), 253–284.
Pouscoulous, N., I. Noveck, G. Politzer, & Bastide, A. (2007). A developmental investigation of processing costs in implicature production.
Language Acquisition
, 14, 347–376.
Reinhart, T. (2004). The processing cost of reference-set computation: Acquisition of stress shift and focus.
Language Acquisition
, 12(2), 109–155.
Cited by (4)
Cited by four other publications
Petit, Nicolas, Marie-Maude Geoffray Cassar & Matias Baltazar
Zhang, Jun & Yan Wu
Bleotu, Adina Camelia
2021. Deriving scalar implicatures with quantifiers by Romanian children. In L1 Acquisition and L2 Learning [Language Acquisition and Language Disorders, 65], ► pp. 331 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 6 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
