In:Humour in the Beginning: Religion, humour and laughter in formative stages of Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and Judaism
Edited by Roald Dijkstra and Paul van der Velde
[Topics in Humor Research 10] 2022
► pp. 301–306
Index
Published online: 27 October 2022
https://doi.org/10.1075/thr.10.index
https://doi.org/10.1075/thr.10.index
A
- Abbahu (rabbi)97, 101
- Abbasid Dynasty163; 183
- Abdullah ibn Hudhāfah ibn Qais as-Sahmi152; 287
- ʿAbdullāh ibn Masʿūd158; 292
- Abraham (biblical)40; 130
- Abū Bakr164
- Abu Hurairah152
- Abū Nuwās183–199; 282, 289–295
- Abū Saʿīd ʿAbd al-Malik bin Qurayb al Asmaʿī149
- Abū Saʿīd al-Khudri152
- Abū Yaʿlā168
- Achilles75–76
- acta81–83, 88
- Acts of the Scillitan Martyrs89
- Adam (biblical)40; 130
- Aggaññasutta260–261; 285
- aggression17; 53; 282
- Agni263–264
- āḥād165
- Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal163, 168
- Ahmad ibn Muḥammad al-Midani149
- al-Ājurrī156
- Akhbar al-azkiya146
- Akhbar al-hamqa wal mugffalin146
- Akiva (rabbi)85–86
- alcoholSee intoxication
- Alexandria49–54
- ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib155, 160–161
- Alī ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Jurjānī187
- al-ʿAllāma al-Majlisī163
- allusion63, 67, 70–79; 130, 135; 254–255
- ʿAlqamah ibn Mujazziz152
- Ambaṭṭha259–263
- al-Amīn184
- Amos129
- Amphilochios76–78
- ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ186
- ʿAmr ibn Bahr al-Jāhiz147; 292
- Anatolia78
- anarchism130, 138
- angels40; 99–100; 117
- anger120, 168; 260
- animals52, 57–58; 132; 224; 254, 263–268
- Annesi68
- al-Ansari, Ahmad bin Muhammad146
- anthropomorphism20–21; 156; 164–170; 281–284, 297
- anti-gelasticism43–44; 47–60; 88; 108–109
- antinomianism42; 196
- Antioch134
- Aphrodite19; 56
- Apollonius83
- Apuleius127
- Arameans96–104
- Ardalio111–112; 115; 117–118; 120
- Ares19; 56
- arhats293
- Aristophanes21; 127; 275
- Aristotle24; 43; 48–55; 70; 93; 277, 291
- Arjuna258
- arrogance148; 228; 259, 268
- asceticism35, 68; 256–268; 294
- Ashʿarī164
- al-Aṣmaʿī212
- Aśvaghoṣa254
- Athanasius44; 128
- Atharvaveda264–265
- Athens68
- atirātra265
- audience17–18; 52–55; 88; 102
- Augustine108; 111
- Augustus (emperor)288
- avidya,223, 230
- Ayesha150–151
B
- Baghdad183
- Banū Qurayza160
- baptism36; 112–117; 119; 122
- Bar Kokhba revolt85
- Bashshār ibn Burd183
- Basil II111
- Basil of Caesarea44; 64–65, 68–73
- Basilides38
- Basra183
- bathing50
- Battle of the Trench160
- Baubo55
- al-Bayhaqī156
- beardSee hair
- Bedouins209, 212
- Bible70–74; 275, 282–284, 290–298
- Acts130
- Deuteronomy86
- Ephesians52; 63; 289
- Exodus120; 130
- Genesis35–37, 39; 130–131, 137
- GospelsSee gospels (canonical)
- Isaiah97–100
- Kings118; 129
- Psalms39, 42; 70, 77; 281
- bilā kayfa,164, 169
- Bo/Bai yu jing213
- Boccaccio12
- Bodhidharma228–232
- Bodhisattva222, 227; 256
- body82, 87; 292
- Bollandistes83
- Book of 100 Parables213
- Book of Mormon18
- boundaries,
- social11; 17; 95
- symbolical11
- Brahmā Sahampati256
- Brahmin253–268; 285, 294
- Britain13
- Buddha227–228; 254–268; 285
- laughing223; 229
- Maitreya274
- nature230
- smiling254–256
- Samantabhadra259
- Tathāgata Buddha247–249
- Buddhism273–276, 283–298
- ancient253–268
- in China236–248
- comedic literature compared with Arabic207–215
- enlightenment within238, 244
- Mahayana223, 227, 229; 287
- Theravāda259
- Zen14; 221–233; 237–238; 283–236, 298
- Bukhari, Imam147
- Byzantine (empire)111
C
- Cain (biblical)131
- Canterbury Tales12
- Carroll, Noël26
- caste system260–261
- Celsus85
- Cena Cypriani12; 108; 127–140; 282, 287–289
- Cena Hrabani Mauri139
- Cena Iohannis Diaconi139
- Cena Trimalchionis128
- Chana Galileae131
- charis,66, 74
- charity159, 167
- Chaucer12
- Cheng224–225
- Cheqin Guo245
- China222–223, 253
- Imperial236–237, 243
- Choricios122
- Christianity11–13; 18–21; 47–60; 273–298
- apologetics33; 108
- early Christian literature (Latin)127–140
- liberalization of11–13
- martyrological literature81–91
- monasticism33–35, 43; 66–71
- Orthodox109
- Chrysostom, John44; 64; 122; 281–282
- Cicero21; 24; 84; 120; 277
- Clasquins, Michel222–223
- Clement of Alexandria47–60; 286–293
- clown19; 120; 189
- Colbert, Stephen15
- comedians274
- Commodus (emperor)83, 89
- communitas6
- confession119
- Confucianism224–226; 293
- in China236–249
- conspiracy5
- conversion49; 84–88; 108; 111–116; 119; 122
- Critias84–85
- crucifixion36; 44; 115
- Cyprian (saint)127–128, 134
D
- daksiṇā266
- Dalai Lama (14th)14; 253; 274, 293
- Dante12; 21
- Daoism286, 293, 298
- in China236–237, 245
- relativism221–233
- David (biblical)40; 133, 136
- death4; 82–86; 213
- Decameron12
- Deipnosophists128
- deities
- Confucian243–244
- Greek18
- war-type238
- Demeter56
- Democritus112
- Demodocus19–20
- demons39; 44; 112; 267–268; 294
- dharma230, 242; 256, 263, 268; 288
- Diamond, Jared15
- Diocletian117; 119–120; 291
- disease128
- docetism39
- drinking50
- duhkha227
- Durkheim6
E
- Eihei Dōgen232
- Elder Edda21
- Eleazar84
- Eliezer (rabbi)90
- emotions20; 81–82, 87–88; 279–280
- suppression of108
- enlightenment5; 221–233; 255–256; 291
- Epictetus85
- epigraphy35
- Epiphanius38
- epistolography64–78; 290
- Erasmus12; 21
- eroticism184
- eschatology83, 87; 276
- eucharist116
- Eudemian Ethics53
- Eudoxios75–76
- eutrapelia64
- Eve (biblical)36–37, 39, 43; 130–131, 135
- exegesis33–43; 208
- Exhortation to the heathen55–58
F
- fabliaux tradition12
- facial expressions4
- fasting191–192; 208–209
- fish130–132
- Fish, Stanley43
- Flower Fruit Mountain246–247
- folklore209–215; 236–247
- food55; 68; 131; 211–215
- theft of236, 241–244, 247
- Francis (pope)274
- Francis (Saint)6
- Frater Venantius17–18
- Freud, Sigmund17
- fundamentalism273; 291
G
- gambling192
- Gandhi91
- Gay News13
- Gelasinos111–114; 118
- Genesius110–112; 116–120; 291
- genitals188–189; 267
- Glaukos110–112, 114, 116–118; 121
- Gnosticism34–40, 42–43
- texts84
- Goliards12
- Good Shephard
- parable of119
- gospels (canonical)42; 63; 131; 281–282
- of John130–131
- of Luke52; 88; 119, 133; 286
- of Mark88; 131
- of Matthew52; 70, 74; 88; 133
- gospels (apocryphal)34; 287, 292
- Apocalypse of Peter43
- Apocryphon of John35, 41; 287
- of Judas41, 43; 84; 281
- Nature of the archons35
- On the origin of the world35
- Paraphrase of Shem36
- Three steles of Seth35
- Graban, Tarez27
- grace66–67; 87
- Grant, Robert42
- Great Jin dynasty237
- Gregory of Nazianzus63–79; 288
- Gregory of Nyssa64
- Grimm (brothers)214
- guru222; 266
H
- Hadith15; 145–153; 183–199; 276, 283, 287–298
- Musnad167
- quotations from20–29; 149–151
- Ṣaḥīḥ167
- Sunni vs Shi’ite155–170
- hagiographies81–91
- hair96–104; 258–263
- Hakuin230
- Hanafi147
- Ḥanbalites163
- Hanumān239–240
- Hārūn al-Rashīd184
- hazl186
- heaven42; 58; 70; 84, 87; 118; 157–161, 168; 225; 281–282
- Hebdo, Charlie273, 278
- hedonism208
- Hephaestus19
- Hera19
- heresy90; 167; 189
- hermeneutics169
- Herodias (biblical)133
- Hertel, Johannes213
- Hikayat al-Qalyubi146
- Himerius64
- Hinduism5; 21; 254; 283–298
- Hippolytus38
- Holofernes133
- Holy Trinity116; 119
- Holy Spirit119
- Homer18–22; 53–56; 67–72; 297
- Horace186
- Houris158
- Hullin90
- human nature52–54
- humiliation152
- humour
- absurdist5; 91; 223
- anti-authoritarian5–7; 11; 21
- benign152, 282–289
- blasphemic5–6; 12–14; 109; 112–116; 119; 122; 130–139; 186–188, 191–199; 273, 288, 296
- definitions of23
- demeaning95–100; 237
- didactic213; 281–293
- entrenchment110–111
- functionality theories25
- hope offered by118
- hypocritical244
- identity formation3–8
- incongruity theory4; 19–20; 24; 43; 74; 97–116; 117; 121; 129; 196; 223, 226–233; 278; 282–284, 298
- inside18; 113
- ironic14; 222
- irreverentSee blasphemic
- Islamic183–199
- liminal95; 110–111
- mocking33–39; 51–58; 65–67, 72, 76–78; 95–104; 145, 153; 157–159, 162; 187; 209; 257, 264; 280–285
- morality of26; 48, 54; 103; 109; 145–153
- obscene187
- permissibility of208; 280
- playful4–6; 21; 67; 94–95; 225; 239–241; 293
- relief theory24
- response theory25
- sarcastic5; 42; 108; 145; 287
- sexual49, 56; 109; 129; 187–189, 192–199; 211
- slapstick110
- social7; 14; 43; 103; 113; 279, 286
- stimulus theory25
- stupidity117; 208–215
- superiority theory24; 37; 43; 117; 148; 222–223, 226; 237; 242–246; 250; 276, 280–287, 293
- therapeutic222
- transgression3–7; 44
- transience of255
- al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī163
I
- Ibn al-Jawzī146–147; 156; 208
- Ibn Masʿud197
- Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya156, 167
- Ibn Taymiyya156, 164
- Iliad19; 67, 75
- imitatio Christi88
- India208–215; 222–223; 239–241; 288
- ancient253–268
- Indra266–268
- Interpreter Pak (the)245–246
- intoxication55–57; 184, 191–199
- Iraq183
- Isaac (biblical)39–40, 42; 130
- Islam15; 26; 145–153; 182–199; 207–215; 273–276, 284–298
- ambiguity of185
- Sunni vs Shi’ite interpretations155–170; 298
- isnad161–162, 165; 190, 195–199
- isostheneia225
J
- Jacob (biblical)40; 131
- al-Jāḥiẓ163–164, 169
- Japan229–233; 253
- Javerbaum, David12–14
- Jeder stirbt für sich allein89
- Jesuits274
- Jesus of Nazareth6; 13; 63; 83–84; 130–131, 136–137; 185; 195; 281–287, 296
- laughter of33–42; 284–285, 292
- smiling of41
- jidd186
- jihad168; 192
- Job (biblical)130
- John (the Baptist; biblical)40; 132–136
- jokes67, 74, 79; 81; 94; 147; 184; 196; 207–215; 221; 253–268; 287, 291
- Jonah (biblical)133
- Jordan River128–129
- Journey to the West239–249
- Shidetang edition246
- Judaism35; 273–276, 283–298
- late antique94
- martyrological texts85–86
- rabbinic literature93–104
- Judas (biblical)130
- Judgement Day156–157, 161, 168; 189, 196
- Julian the Apostate (emperor)109
- Juvenal127
- Jyllands-Posten273
K
- Kalīla wa-Dimna213
- Kāmasūtra254–255
- Kathāsaritsāgara213
- Kauṭilya Arthaśāstra254
- kāvya255
- Keśī262
- khabar207
- Khaggavisāṇa-sutta,253, 255–256
- Kitabul bukhalaa148
- kōan14; 221–233; 286–288
- Korea245, 253
- Kufa183
L
- Laozi226; 247
- Laughing Matters254
- laughter3–6; 12; 19; 33–43; 108; 113; 118; 122; 146–148; 221–233; 274–298
- ambiguous49; 60
- benevolent161
- bodily effects of49–56
- Christian feature48–60
- derisive33–43
- descriptive studies of28
- as emotional expression3; 52–55
- as erotic56
- at gods35–40
- of gods17–21; 155–170; 280
- Hellenistic47–60
- meditation on5–6; 232
- pedagogical use of49, 57–60; 146
- and rationality53; 57–60; 292
- relation to humour23; 27
- salvific power of28
- social dynamics of17; 57–60
- suppression of15; 50–60; 64; 109; 121; 254; 280
- versus joy115–120
- versus smiling82–91
- as weapon95
- women and laughter55–6
- Laughter in Ancient Rome27
- Lemon, Dennis13
- Libanios65
- liberating intimacy221–233
- libertine187–199
- Liezi224–226
- Life of Brian13; 274
- Limburg18
- Lingyin Si Monastery239
- Linji Yixuan223, 230–232
- Linjilu229
- Lotus Sūtra230
- Lucian21; 127; 293
M
- Macarius113
- Maccabees84
- Macrobius120
- Mafhūm al-mukhālafa169
- Mahābhārata21; 258
- Majmaul amthal149
- Malalas111; 115
- Manichaeism35
- Māra258
- Martineau, William103
- Martyrdom of Carpus83
- Martyrdom of Pionius86–88
- Martyrdom of Tatiana88
- martyrs81–91; 108–122; 159–160, 167; 282–287, 292
- Christian martyrs81–91
- Jewish martyrs82
- laughter of86
- Mary (biblical)131, 136
- Matthew (biblical)129
- Maximian120
- Maximus Licinianus114–115
- Mazu228–232
- Mecca187–188, 191
- Medina149
- meditation224; 253
- memorials82
- Menander21
- mercy155, 159–160, 163, 167–168
- Mesopotamia100
- Metamorphoses,127, 135
- mimes107–121; 282, 284, 290–293
- Christian reports of110–122
- mimesis110
- Ming dynasty237; 247
- Mir, Mustansir15
- moderateness108
- monks241–243; 254–268; 292
- Zen221–222
- monogenesis213
- monotheism18–20; 295–298
- Monty Python13
- Moses (biblical)40; 130
- Muʿāwiyah186
- Muʿtazalites164
- muḥaddithūn,158, 164
- Muhammad (Prophet)26–27; 147–153; 155–170; 184–191, 195–199; 208; 287, 292–298
- cartoon of273
- laughter of156–158; 289
- quotations from148
- smiling of149; 292
- Muḥammad ibn Sirin147
- Muḥammad bin Muḥammad al-Ghazali147
- Muḥammad Ṣādiq Najmī162–163
- mukhalafa282–283
- mujūn,186, 190
- murder115; 213; 287–288
- al-Mutanabbī187
- mutawātir165
- myth11; 33–41; 210–215; 236–247; 258, 267–268
N
- Naaman129
- Nābita164
- Nag Hammadi33–43
- quotations from34, 36
- extra-biblical mythologies35
- Nāgārjuna287–288
- Nahj al-Balāgha165–167
- Nanda254
- Nārada268
- Nebuchadnezzar98
- Neo-Platonism35
- Nero85
- Nicomachean Ethics53
- Nikoboulos66, 74–75
- nirguṇa283
- Nisroch100
- Noah (biblical)99–101; 130, 133
O
- Odyssey19–20; 70, 72, 75
- omnipotence156–159, 162
- On the parts of animals52
- OshoSee Rajneesh (Bhagwan)
- Ozizala76
P
- paccekabuddha256
- Pachomius34
- Paedagogus48–60; 287
- paideia,64, 67–68, 73–74, 78–79
- Pāli253–268
- Pambo (desert father)44
- Panchatantra213
- Papylos89
- Passio Perpetuae,83, 87
- Passio Polychronii90
- passiones81–83, 88
- Pathosformel87
- Paul (biblical)63–66; 130
- Perennis83
- Perks, Lisa24
- Perpetua87
- Peter (biblical)36–38; 84; 129–133
- Philagrios67
- Philebus59
- Philemon110, 113
- Philogelos210–215
- philology183; 207–215
- Pilate (biblical)132, 137
- Pionius86–88
- Platius Lateranus85
- Plato21; 24; 48–55, 59; 73; 110; 198; 277, 291
- Plautus127
- Plutarch120
- poetry64, 67; 153; 183–199; 208; 289
- Polemon86
- Polycarp82, 87
- polygenesis214
- polytheism21; 283, 298
- Pontus68–70
- Porphyry111–112; 115–117; 119; 121
- prayer34; 86; 147; 159–160, 167–168; 191
- prose108; 134; 226
- Latin127
- Prohaeresius66
- Protrepticus48
- Prudentius108
- punishment54; 101; 115, 168; 185, 189; 211; 267–268; 296
- laughter as means of57
- thwarted236
- Puruṣasūkta260
Q
- qiṣāṣ211
- Quintilian24; 277
- Qur’an15; 145–153; 207–215; 275, 282, 284, 289–298
- quotations from26; 148; 161, 167; 185, 187–188
- references to laughter146
- symbolism within164
R
- Rabba bar Bar Chanah94
- Rabelais12
- Rāfiḍa164
- Rahab (biblical)136
- Rajneesh (Bhagwan) 5–6; 259
- Ramadan189, 194; 209
- Ramakien240
- Rāmāyaṇa239–241
- rasa290–291
- Rav Pappa100
- reincarnation263
- relativism225–233
- Republic49–53
- Revelation of Peter84
- Ṛgveda,253, 260–268; 294
- rhetoric64, 75
- riddles67, 74; 117; 129, 133, 138; 287, 298
- ritual262–268
- comportment during44
- elements of109; 116
- negligence of192
- reversal rituals5
- roleplay19
- Ṛśyaśṛṅga258
- Rubio, Fernando B.41
- Rudra263–264
S
- Sabina88
- Saʿd ibn Muʿādh160
- Ṣaḥīḥayn162
- Śākyas260
- salat187
- Salmān al-Fārisī160
- Samghasena213
- samsara227
- Satan112; 117
- Satsujo230–233
- Saturninus89
- Satyricon101; 128, 135
- Sauda151
- Saundarananda254
- scandals7
- schadenfreude24–26; 237
- Second Vatican Council18
- secularization7; 13
- Sennacherib98–101
- Sextus Empiricus225
- sexuality55–60; 257 267–268
- adultery19–20
- and shame in Christianity56
- Shafi’i147
- Sharḥ159
- shariah145–146; 195
- al-Sharīf al-Raḍī166
- al-Shaykh al-Mufīd165
- Shema86
- Shihab al-Din Ahmad bin Ahmad146
- Shintō21
- Siddhārtha Gautama256–258; 274; see also Buddha
- Sidonius of Apollinaris112
- ṣilat al-raḥim160
- Simon of Cyrene38; 84
- sinfulness54; 64; 162–163; 193
- Ṣirāṭ157
- Śiva285
- slavery210
- smiling27; 36–42; 51–54; 69, 71; 81–91; 112; 120; 146–148, 150; 254; 278, 284
- Socrates120
- Solomon (biblical)40; 129; 148
- soma263–268
- Sonneveld, Wim17–18
- soteriology224–226, 229
- South Park18
- speech52, 56–57; 70
- Speratus89–90
- spoude,68, 73, 76
- śramaṇa253–268
- stoic (demeanour)83, 86
- Stoics (tradition)48; 84–85
- Stromata59
- Sun Wukong (Monkey King)226; 236–241; 247–248; 290
- acts of241–248
- monk namesake238–239
- Sun Xingzhe245
- Sūrya263–264
- Suttanipāta257
- Symposium128
- Syria111
T
- Ṭalḥa ibn al-Barrāʿ160
- Talmud
- Babylonian86; 93–104
- Palestinian85–86
- Tang dynasty237
- tanzīh,164, 169
- tapas,258, 266
- tawḥīd163
- technologies14
- Tecla132–136
- Telemachus76
- terrorism152
- Tertullian108–110; 284
- theatre
- actors in109; 110–116
- late antique107–120
- Hellenistic50
- rejection of48–51; 107–117; 121
- spectacula110
- zaju (comedic theatre,)240
- theft136, 139; 163; 210; 261
- Themistocles212
- Theocritus77
- Theodoret of Cyrus111
- theological approaches95
- Theramenes84–85
- Theratherīgāthā256
- Thetis19
- Thousand and one nights213
- Three Teachings (sanjiao)236–237, 241–242; 249
- Tiberina69
- topos83; 102
- transcendence5; 41; 170; 228–233; 285
- trickster11; 98–102; 236–248
- Tripiṭaka213; 259–260
- the monk241–249
- Trojans19
- True Discourse85
- truth110; 148; 222–225, 233
- Turnus Rufus86
- Tusculan Disputations84
- Twain, Mark12–13; 23
U
- uestis131
- ‘Umar147; 164
- Umayyad Dynasty163; 183
- umma159
- upāya221–233; 287
- ʿUthmān164
V
- Vajirapāṇi261
- Valentinus75–76
- Valerian90
- varṇas260
- Vāyu263–264
- Vedas253–268; 294
- viduṣaka294
- violence53; 81–86, 90–81; 95; 135–137; 194; 232; 257, 267; 287
- Virgil134
- Viṣṇu268; 285
- Voltaire12–13; 21
- vulgarity53
- Vulgate129
W
- Wagner, Ewald184
- Way of Heaven225
- weddings128–133
- weeping194
- wise fool6
- Wizhiqi238
- wuwei,225, 233; 246
X
- Xuanzeng
- pilgrimage of241–243
Y
- Yemen145
- Yerushalmi86
- Yunmen, Master221–222
Z
- Zacheus (biblical)135
- Zeno of Verona135
- Zeus19–20; 85
- Zhuang Zi225–227
- al-Zubayr ibn Bakkār147
