In:Task-Based Approaches to Teaching Additional Languages in Primary School
Veronika Timpe-Laughlin and Yuko Goto Butler
[Task-Based Language Teaching 19] 2026
► pp. 31–47
Chapter 3Cognitive, social and affective features
Developmental factors of children
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Article outline
- Theories of development: Piaget and Vygotsky
- Cognitive abilities
- Working memory
- Long-term memory
- Social cognition
- Metacognition
- Metalinguistic awareness
- Working memory
- Affective factors
- Affect and its development
- Motivation
- Social and environmental factors
- Socio-economic status or social class
- Extramural learning
- Pedagogical implications
- Age-related aspects
- Pre-primary to lower primary school years (approximately 3–6 year olds)
- Mid-primary school years (approximately 7–9 year olds)
- Upper primary school years (approximately 10–12 years old)
- Designing and implementing age-appropriate tasks
- Age-related aspects
- Concluding remarks
- Additional reading
- Preparing for learning and teaching
