From ‘Is’ to ‘Ought’
Laws, Norms and Strategies in Translation Studies
Published online: 1 January 1993
https://doi.org/10.1075/target.5.1.02che
https://doi.org/10.1075/target.5.1.02che
Abstract
Translation studies need to cater for both description and evaluation. This can be achieved via the study of translation norms. The norms governing translation are: (a) professional norms concerning the translation process (= norms of accountability, communication and target-source relation); and (b) expectancy norms concerning the form of the translation product, based on the expectations of the prospective readership. While general translation laws account for the behaviour of translators in general, normative laws describe the translation behaviour of a subset of translators, namely, competent professionals, who establish the norms. Normative laws originate in rational, normdirected strategies which are observed to be used by professionals. These laws are empirical, spatio-temporally falsifiable, probabilistic, predictive and explanatory.
Résumé
La traductologie doit prendre en charge la description et l’évaluation, par la voie d'une étude des normes qui gouvernent la traduction: (a) des normes professionnelles, qui concernent le processus de la traduction (normes de responsabilité, de communication, de relation cible-source); (b) des normes de l'attente inspirées par les lecteurs potentiels relativement à la forme du texte traduit. Tandis que les lois générales de la traduction décrivent le comportement de traducteurs en général, les lois normatives décrivent celui d'un sous-groupe, les traducteurs professionnels compétents, qui établissent les normes. Les lois normatives trouvent leur origine dans des stratégies rationnelles adaptées aux normes, et utilisées par des professionnels. Ces lois sont empiriques, falsifiables sur le plan spatio-temporel, probabilistes, prévisionnelles et explicatives.
Article outline
- 1.Descriptive Plus Evaluative
- 2.Laws and Norms
- 3.Validation of Norms
- 4.Translation Norms
- 4.1.Professional Norms
- 4.2.Expectancy Norms
- 5.A Normative Science
- 6.Strategies and Normative Laws
- 7.Empirical Status
- 7.1.Prediction
- 7.2.Explanation
- 8.Applications
References
References (26)
Delabastita, Dirk. 1991. “A False Opposition in Translation Studies: Theoretical versus/and Historical Approaches”. Target 3:2. 137–152.
Grice, Paul. 1975. “Logic and Conversation”. Peter Cole and Jerry L. Morgan, eds. Syntax and Semantics, 3: Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press, 1975. 41–58.
Harris, Brian. 1990. “Norms in Interpretation”. Target 2:1. 115–119.
Hermans, Theo. 1991. “Translational Norms and Correct Translations”. van Leuven-Zwart and Naaijkens 1991: 155–169.
Jodl, Friedrich. 1918. Allgemeine Ethik. Stuttgart and Berlin: J.G. Cotta'sche Buch-handlung Nachfolger.
Levý, Jiří. 1967. “Translation as a Decision Process”. To Honor Roman Jakobson, II1. The Hague: Mouton, 1967. 1171–1182.
Lewis, David K. 1969. Convention: A Philosophical Study. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Lörscher, Wolfgang. 1991. Translation Performance, Translation Process, and Translation Strategies. Tübingen: Narr.
Nord, Christiane. 1991. “Scopos, Loyalty, and Translational Conventions”. Target 3:1. 91–109.
Searle, John R.. 1964. “How to Derive ‘Ought’ from ‘Is’”. Philosophical Review 731. 43–58. (Rep. in Foot 1967: 101–114.)
Shlesinger, Miriam. 1989. “Extending the Theory of Translation to Interpretation: Norms as a Case in Point”. Target 1:1. 111–115.
Toury, Gideon. 1980. In Search of a Theory of Translation. Tel Aviv: The Porter Institute for Poetics and Semiotics.
. 1985. “A Rationale for Descriptive Translation Studies”. Theo Hermans, ed. The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation. London: Croom Helm, 1985. 16–41.
. 1991. “What are Descriptive Studies into Translation Likely to Yield apart from Isolated Descriptions?” van Leuven-Zwart and Naaijkens 1991: 179–192.
. in press. “In Search of Laws of Translational Behavior” Albrecht Neubert and Gregory Shreve, eds. Alternative Models of Translation in Teaching and Research: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Fundamental Questions of Translation Studies. Kent State University.
van Leuven-Zwart, Kitty M. and Ton Naaijkens, eds. 1991. Translation Studies: The State of the Art. Proceedings of the First James S Holmes Symposium on Translation Studies. Amsterdam—Atlanta, GA: Rodopi.
Cited by (113)
Cited by 113 other publications
Bai, Ziling
Elass, Hicham
2025. Rethinking the theoretical foundations of Quran translation. FORUM. Revue internationale d’interprétation et de traduction / International Journal of Interpretation and Translation
Hu, Bei, Susana Valdez & Valentina Ragni
Kotze, Haidee
Tang, Chuanhong, Danfeng Huang & Andrew K. F. Cheung
Çavuşoğlu, Özgür
Carl, Michael
Greenall, Annjo Klungervik & Lucía Aranda
Kim, Hyongrae
2024. Translation norms and bilingual dictionaries. Translation and Interpreting Studies 19:1 ► pp. 81 ff.
Almanna, Ali
Butkuvienė, Karolina & Lolita Petrulionė
Chen, Yi-Chiao
2023. Foreignness as a border-crossing challenge. FORUM. Revue internationale d’interprétation et de traduction / International Journal of Interpretation and Translation 21:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
DENİSSOVA, Nilüfer
Gaudencio, Pedro Henrique de Paiva & Sinara de Oliveira Branco
Halimi, Sonia Asmahène
Kujamäki, Minna
Lin, Xiaowen, Muhammad Afzaal & Hessah Saleh Aldayel
Liu, Minhua
2023. User expectations research revisited. In Introducing New Hypertexts on Interpreting (Studies) [Benjamins Translation Library, 160], ► pp. 44 ff.
Nathum Younis Salih
Dean, Robyn K & Robert Q Pollard
Hu, Juan
Hu, Juan
Jia, Juan, Muhammad Afzaal & Swaleha Bano Naqvi
Neves, Josélia
Sulaiman AlSuhaim, Dana
Valdez, Susana
Vîlceanu, Titela & Anca Păunescu
Zhao, Junfeng, Yan Dong & Yang Li
Biel, Łucja
2021. EU institutional websites. In Translating Asymmetry - Rewriting Power [Benjamins Translation Library, 157], ► pp. 227 ff.
Kotze, Haidee, Berit Janssen, Corina Koolen, Luka van der Plas & Gys-Walt van Egdom
2021. Norms, affect and evaluation in the reception of literary translations in multilingual online reading communities. Translation, Cognition & Behavior 4:2 ► pp. 147 ff.
Liu, Kanglong, Muhammad Afzaal & Diego Raphael Amancio
Liu, Kanglong & Linqing Zhu
Solová, Regina
TÜMER, G. Duygu & Aslı Selcen ASLAN
TÜMER, G. Duygu & Aslı SELCEN ASLAN
Valencia Giraldo, M. Victoria, María Ángeles Recio Ariza & Gloria Corpas Pastor
Hirsch, Galia
2020. Adequate contextual explicitation in translation. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 32:3 ► pp. 456 ff.
Hu, Bei
2020. How are translation norms negotiated?. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 32:1 ► pp. 83 ff.
Hu, Gengshen
Robinson, Douglas
2020. Reframing translational norm theory through 4EA cognition. Translation, Cognition & Behavior 3:1 ► pp. 122 ff.
Robinson, Douglas
Scarpa, Federica
Scarpa, Federica
Xu, Mingwu & Chuanmao Tian
Esqueda, Marileide Dias
Esqueda, Marileide Dias & Igor Antonio Lourenço da Silva
Marín García, Álvaro
2019. The opportunities of epistemic pluralism for Cognitive Translation Studies. Translation, Cognition & Behavior 2:2 ► pp. 165 ff.
McDonough Dolmaya, Julie & María del Mar Sánchez Ramos
Orrego-Carmona, David
Gambier, Yves
2018. Translation studies, audiovisual translation and reception. In Reception Studies and Audiovisual Translation [Benjamins Translation Library, 141], ► pp. 43 ff.
Klabal, Ondřej
조윤실
Dybiec-Gajer, Joanna
O’Connor, Anne
O’Connor, Anne
2019. Translation in nineteenth-century periodicals. Translation and Interpreting Studies 14:2 ► pp. 243 ff.
Robin, Edina
2017. Translation universals revisited. FORUM. Revue internationale d’interprétation et de traduction / International Journal of Interpretation and Translation 15:1 ► pp. 51 ff.
Robin, Edina, Andrea Götz, Éva Pataky & Henriette Szegh
Scott, Juliette
Scott, Juliette
Yang, Bingjun
Bednárová-Gibová, Klaudia
Florentin, Valérie
Molchan, Maria
Pusztai-Varga, Ildikó
Ferreira, Aline, John W. Schwieter & Daniel Gile
2015. The position of psycholinguistic and cognitive science in translation and interpreting. In Psycholinguistic and Cognitive Inquiries into Translation and Interpreting [Benjamins Translation Library, 115], ► pp. 3 ff.
Gallez, Emmanuelle & Anne Reynders
2015. Court interpreting and classical rhetoric. Interpreting. International Journal of Research and Practice in Interpreting 17:1 ► pp. 64 ff.
Hlavac, Jim
2015. Pre- and post-conflict language designations and language policies. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 27:2 ► pp. 238 ff.
Hlavac, Jim
Iruskieta, Mikel, Iria da Cunha & Maite Taboada
Li, Xiangdong
2015. Putting interpreting strategies in their place. Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 61:2 ► pp. 170 ff.
Liu, Bin
Zwischenberger, Cornelia
윤후남
Greenall, Annjo Klungervik
Kruger, Haidee
2012. A corpus-based study of the mediation effect in translated and edited language. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 24:2 ► pp. 355 ff.
Christensen, Tina Paulsen
Mubenga, Kajingulu Somwe
Okyayuz Yener, Şirin
Kim, Ryonhee
2009. Revising the Target Text Independently of the Source Text. FORUM. Revue internationale d’interprétation et de traduction / International Journal of Interpretation and Translation 7:2 ► pp. 151 ff.
Sokoli, Stavroula
Cummings, Robert
Jawad, Hisham
Takeda, Kayoko
2007. The Making of an Interpreter User. FORUM. Revue internationale d’interprétation et de traduction / International Journal of Interpretation and Translation 5:1 ► pp. 245 ff.
Flynn, Peter
2007. Exploring literary translation practice. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 19:1 ► pp. 21 ff.
Pym, Anthony
2004. Propositions on cross-cultural communication and translation. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 16:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Brownlie, Siobhan
2003. Investigating explanations of translational phenomena. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 15:1 ► pp. 111 ff.
Rosa, Alexandra Assis
Sidiropoulou, Maria
2002. Karamitroglou, Fotios. 2000. Towards a methodology for the investigation of norms in audiovisual translation: The choice between subtitling and revoicing in Greece. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 14:1 ► pp. 181 ff.
Hietaranta, Pertti
Halverson, Sandra L.
1999. Conceptual Work and the "Translation" Concept1. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 11:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
KOHN, JÁNOS
Simeoni, Daniel
1998. The Pivotal Status of the Translator’s Habitus. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 10:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Puurtinen, Tiina
1997. Syntactic Norms in Finnish Children's Literature. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 9:2 ► pp. 318 ff.
Marmaridou, A. Sophia S.
1996. Directionality in Translation Processes and Practices. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 8:1 ► pp. 49 ff.
Chesterman, Andrew
Chesterman, Andrew
1996. Toury, Gideon. 1995. Descriptive Translation Studies and beyond. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 8:1 ► pp. 197 ff.
[no author supplied]
[no author supplied]
[no author supplied]
2017. Summary and conclusions. In Aspects of cohesion and coherence in translation [Benjamins Translation Library, 134], ► pp. 205 ff.
[no author supplied]
[no author supplied]
[no author supplied]
[no author supplied]
[no author supplied]
[no author supplied]
[no author supplied]
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 4 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
