Article published In: The Metalanguage of Translation
Edited by Yves Gambier and Luc van Doorslaer
[Target 19:2] 2007
► pp. 271–294
Natural and directional equivalence in theories of translation
Published online: 18 January 2008
https://doi.org/10.1075/target.19.2.07pym
https://doi.org/10.1075/target.19.2.07pym
Equivalence was a key word in the linguistics-based translation theories of the 1960s and 1970s, although its basic mode of thought may be traced back to Cicero and later to the Renaissance theories that began to presuppose languages of equal status. Close inspection reveals that some theories assume pre-existing equivalents and are thus concerned with a search for “natural” equivalence. Other theories allow that translators actively create equivalents, and are thus concerned with “directional” equivalence. The first kind of equivalence is concerned with what languages ideally do prior to translation; the other deals with what they can do. These two approaches are often intertwined, giving rise to many misunderstandings and unfair criticisms of the underlying concept. The historical undoing of the equivalence paradigm came when the directional use of the term allowed that equivalence need be no more a belief or expectation at the moment of reception, which need not be substantiated on the level of linguistic forms. At the same time, source texts became less stable and languages have been returning to more visibly hierarchical relations, further undermining the concept. Contemporary localization projects may nevertheless fruitfully be interrogated from the perspective of natural and directional equivalence, since the presumptions are being used by contemporary technology precisely at the moment when the terms themselves have been dropped from critical and exploratory metalanguage.
Résumé
Le concept d’équivalence a été la clef de voÛte des théories linguistiques de la traduction depuis les années 1960, bien que sa géométrie conceptuelle puisse remonter jusqu’à Cicéron. Vues de près, quelques-unes de ces théories présupposent des équivalents qui existent bien avant le moment de la traduction, dont l’horizon idéologique serait alors l’équivalence « naturelle ». D’autres théories, pourtant, projettent un traducteur plutôt créateur des équivalences, dont l’horizon serait alors aussi « directionnel » que l’est l’acte de traduire. L’équivalence naturelle concerne l’illusion des langues prétraductionnelles ; l’équivalence directionnelle recherche la productivité des langues dans et grâce au passage traductionnel. L’entrelacement de ces deux pensées a donné lieu à maints malentendus, voire à des critiques injustes du concept d’équivalence. La fin historique du concept est pourtant survenue au moment où l’on a conceptualisé l’équivalence directionnelle comme croyance ou attente du côté du récepteur, sans besoin de vérification en termes linguistiques. En même temps, la communication éléctronique rend moins stables les textes de départ, ce qui rend plus difficile l’équivalence comme fidelité à une valeur fixe, tout comme les relations entre les langues deviennent plus hiérarchiques, ce qui brise les illusions de l’équivalence naturelle. Plus caduc que jamais, le métalangage de l’équivalence pourrait néanmoins jouer un rôle clef dans l’analyse critique du discours et de la pratique de la localisation contemporaine, où les technologies de la terminologie et des mémoires de traduction imposent respectivement au traducteur, sans les termes, l’équivalence naturelle et l’équivalence directionnelle.
Article outline
- Parable
- 1.Introduction to a historical location
- 2.Equivalence as a concept
- 3.Equivalence vs. langue
- 4.Directional vs. natural equivalence
- 5.Strategies for maintaining natural equivalence
- 6.Strategies for attaining directional equivalence
- 7.Equivalence as back-reference
- 8.Only two categories?
- 9.Relevance theory
- 10.Equivalence as an illusion
- 11.A problem not solved
- Acknowledgements
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