Article published In: Heterolingualism in/and Translation
Edited by Reine Meylaerts
[Target 18:1] 2006
► pp. 69–90
Language plurality as power struggle
Translating politics in Canada
Published online: 5 December 2006
https://doi.org/10.1075/target.18.1.05gag
https://doi.org/10.1075/target.18.1.05gag
For this paper, heterolingualism or language plurality will be considered as the presence in a single text or in a social environment of both French and English, Canada’s offcial languages. Language plurality will here be studied from an institutional viewpoint: the influence of the Canadian government on the translation of political speeches. The first part of this article will establish that political speeches are written in a bilingual environment where the two offcial languages are often in contact. This bilingualism, however, is often homogenised when it comes to speech delivery and publication. Therefore, the second part focuses on the speeches’ paratextual features and the third looks at the speeches’ textual features.
Résumé
Dans cet article, on entend par hétérolinguisme ou pluralité langagière la présence des deux langues officielles du Canada, le français et l’anglais, dans un même texte ou au sein d’un même environnement social. La pluralité langagière sera étudiée à partir d’un point de vue institutionnel : le rôle du gouvernement fédéral dans la traduction des discours politiques au Canada. Dans la première partie de l’article, nous établirons que les discours politiques sont rédigés dans un contexte bilingue, où les langues officielles du Canada sont souvent en contact. Cependant, les traces de ce bilinguisme ne se perçoivent pas lors de la traduction et de la publication des discours. En deuxième et troisième parties, nous verrons que le phénomène d’homogénéisation se reflète tout particulièrement dans les caractéristiques paratexutelles et textuelles des discours traduits.
Article outline
- 0.Introduction
- 1.Languages in contact in the Office of the Prime Minister
- 2.Concealing hybridity in parliamentary speeches
- 3.Ignoring differences in addresses to the nation
- 4.Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- Notes
References Appendix: a list of primary texts
References (70)
Buzzetti, Hélène. 1999. “Colloque à l’Université de l’Alberta: Les francophones hors-Québec font le procès du nationalisme québécois”. Le Devoir (13 décembre 1999). A21.
Delisle, Jean. 1984/2003. Bridging the language solitudes: Growth and development of the Translation Bureau of the Government of Canada 1934–1984. Jean Delisle and Gilbert Lafond, eds. The history of translation [CD-ROM], Educational edition. Gatineau, QC: School of Translation and Interpretation, University of Ottawa.
Gagnon, Chantal. 2002. Les enjeux sociotraductologiques et idéologiques de deux grands discours traduits de René Lévesque et de Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Montréal: Concordia University. [Unpublished master’s dissertation.]
. 2003. “Institution in translated political speeches: A Canadian example”. Damien Hall, Theodore Markopoulos, Angeliki Salamoura and Sophia Skoufaki, eds. Camling 2003, Proceedings of The University of Cambridge, First Postgraduate Conference in Language Research. April 26, 2003. 433–439.
. 2006. “Ideologies in the history of translation: A case study on Canadian political speeches”. Georges Bastin and Paul Bandia, eds. Charting the future of Translation history. Ottawa: Ottawa University Press.
Genette, Gérard. 1987/1997. Paratexts: Thresholds of interpretation, tr. Jane E. Lewin. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Government of Canada, Privy Council Office. 2001. “Sixteenth ministry”. Guide to Canadian ministries since Confederation. [[URL]]. Accessed February 26, 2006.
Granatstein, Jack L. and Norman Hillmer. 1999. Prime Ministers ranking Canada’s leaders. Toronto: HarperCollins Publishers.
Hudon, Raymond. 2004. “Bilingualism”. Gerald Hallowell, ed. The Oxford companion to Canadian history. Toronto-Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 72–73.
Kress, Gunther. 1989. Linguistic processes in sociocultural practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lambert, José. 1991. “In quest of literary world maps”. Harald Kittel and Armin Paul Frank, eds. Interculturality and the historical study of literary translations. Berlin: Erich Schmidt, 1991. 133–145.
. 1995. “Literature, translation and (de)colonization”. Theresa M. Hyun and José Lambert, eds. Translation and modernization. Vol. IV1 of Earl Miner and Haga Toru, General eds. The force of vision. Proceedings of the XIIIth Congress of the International Comparative Literature Association. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1995. 98–117.
Marzocchi, Carlo. 2005. “On a contradiction in the discourse on language arrangements in EU institutions”. Across languages and cultures 6:1. 5–12.
. 2003. “Text parameters in translation: Transitivity and institutional cultures”. Heidrun Gerzymisch-Arbogast, Eva Hajicova, Petr Sgall, Zuzanna Jettmarova, Annely Rothkegel and Dorothee Rothfuß-Bastian, eds. Textologie und Translation. Jahrbuch Übersetzen und Dolmetschen 4:2. Tübingen: Narr Verlag, 2003. 175–188.
Mossop, Brian. 1988. “Translation institutions: A missing factor in Translation theory”. TTR 1:2. 65–70.
Murphy, Rae, Robert Chodos and Nick Auf der Maur. 1984. Brian Mulroney, the boy from Baie-Comeau. Toronto: James Lorimer&Company Publishers.
Schäffner, Christina. 1997. “Where is the source text?”. Heide Schmidt and Gerd Wotjak, eds. Modelle der Translation/Models of translation: Festschrift für Albrecht Neubert. Frankfurt: Vervuert, 1997. 193–211.
. 2003. “Third ways and new centres, ideological unity or difference?”. María Calzada Pérez, ed. Apropos of ideology, Translation Studies on ideology—Ideologies in Translation Studies. Manchester: St. Jerome, 2003. 23–41.
. 2004. “Political discourse analysis from the point of view of Translation Studies”. Journal of language and politics 3:1. 117–150.
Simon, Sherry. 1992. “The language of cultural difference: Figures of alterity in Canadian translation”. Lawrence Venuti, ed. Rethinking translation, discourse, subjectivity, ideology. London-New York: Routledge, 1992. 159–176.
Statistics Canada. 2001. “Population by knowledge of official language, by provinces and territories (2001 Census)”. [[URL]]. Accessed February 26, 2006.
Wagner, Emma. 2001. “Translation in the EU machinery”. Perspectives: Studies in translatology 9:4. 263–270.
Warren, Jean-Philippe. 2003. “The history of Quebec in the perspective of the French language”. Pierre Larrivée, ed. Linguistic conflict and language laws: Understanding the Quebec question. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. 57–86.
Wishart, Eric. 2004. “News panel: Insiders’ views on the translation of news”. The languages of global news. An international symposium to explore the role of globalisation, linguistic difference, and translation in the production of news. Paper given at University of Warwick. April 23, 2004.
Canada, Parliament House of Commons. 1970a. “War measure act”. House of Commons debates, Official report. Third Session. Twenty-eighth Parliament, volume 11. Ottawa: Queen’s Printer for Canada. 193–195.
. 1970b. “La loi sur les mesures de guerre”. Compte rendu officiel des débats de la Chambre des communes. Third Session. Twenty-eighth Parliament, volume 11. Ottawa: Queen’s Printer for Canada. 193–195.
. 1977a. “Confederation, debate on national unity”. House of Commons debates, Official report. Second Session. Thirtieth Parliament, volume VII1. Ottawa: Queen’s Printer for Canada. 7311–7316.
. 1977b. “L’unité canadienne, motion visant à inciter les députés à assurer l’unité du pays”. Compte rendu officiel des débats de la Chambre des communes. Second Session. Thirtieth Parliament, volume VII1. Ottawa: Queen’s Printer for Canada. 7311–7316.
. 1981a. “The Constitution”. House of Commons Debates, Official Report. First Session. Thirty-Second Parliament, volume VIII1. Ottawa: Queen’s Printer for Canada. 8506–8520.
. 1981b. “La constitution”. Compte rendu officiel des débats de la Chambre des communes. First Session. Thirty-Second Parliament, volume VIII1. Ottawa: Queen’s Printer for Canada. 8506–8520.
. 1991a. “The constitution”. House of Commons Debates, Official Report. Third Session. Thirty-Fourth Parliament, volume II1. Ottawa: Queen’s Printer for Canada. 2585–2591.
. 1991b. “La constitution”. Compte rendu officiel des débats de la Chambre des communes. Third Session. Thirty-Fourth Parliament, volume II1. Ottawa: Queen’s Printer for Canada. 2585–2591.
Canada, Prime Minister. 1942. National unity and national survival, responsibility to our own and future generations, a second appeal to the Canadian electorate for an affirmative vote on April 27: an address. Delivered by Prime Minister William Mackenzie King. Ottawa: King’s Printer. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2005, and courtesy of the Privy Council Office (2005– 16752–4).
. 1970a. Notes for a national broadcast by the Prime Minister, Friday, 16 October, 1970. Release. Delivered by Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Ottawa: Office of the Prime Minister. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2005, and courtesy of the Privy Council Office (2005–16752–3).
. 1970b. Notes pour un message du Premier ministre à la nation, vendredi, le 16 octobre 1970. Release. Delivered by Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Ottawa: Office of the Prime Minister. Reproduit avec la permission du Ministre des Travaux publics et Services gouvernementaux Canada, 2005, et gracieuseté du Bureau du Conseil privé (2005–16752–3).
. 1976a. Transcription of the Prime Minister’s address on national television and radio, November 24, 1976. Release. Delivered by Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Ottawa: Office of the Prime Minister.
. 1976b. Transcription du discours du premier ministre à la radio—télévision nationale, le 24 novembre 1976. Release. Delivered by Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Ottawa: Office of the Prime Minister.
. 1980a. Statement by the Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau in response to the Quebec referendum vote, May 20, 1980. Release. Delivered by Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Ottawa: Office of the Prime Minister. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2005, and courtesy of the Privy Council Office (2005–16752–2).
. 1980b. Déclaration du premier ministre Pierre Elliott Trudeau le soir du référendum québécois, le 20 mai 1980. Release. Ottawa: Office of the Prime Minister. Reproduit avec la permission du Ministre des Travaux publics et Services gouvernementaux Canada, 2005, et gracieuseté du Bureau du Conseil privé (2005–16752–2).
. 1990. Notes for an address to the nation by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, Ottawa, June 23, 1990; Notes pour une adresse à la nation du premier minister Brian Mulroney, Ottawa, le 23 juin 1990. Release. Ottawa: Office of the Prime Minister.
. 1991a. Shaping Canada’s future together, Speech by the Prime Minister, House of Commons, September 24, 1991. Release. Ottawa: Office of the Prime Minister.
. 1991b. Bâtir ensemble l’avenir du Canada, Discours du Premier ministre, Chambre des communes, le 24 septembre 1991. Release. Ottawa: Office of the Prime Minister.
. 1995a. Address to the nation by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, October 25, 1995 = Message à la nation du premier ministre Jean Chrétien, le 25 octobre 1995.Release. Ottawa: Office of the Prime Minister. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2005, and courtesy of the Privy Council Office (2005–16752–1).
. 1995b. Statement by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, Ottawa, October 30, 1995 = Déclaration du Premier ministre Jean Chrétien, Ottawa, le 30 octobre 1995. Ottawa: Office of the Prime Minister.
. 1995c. Notes for a speech by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, on the introduction of a motion in the House of Commons, November 29, 1995. Release. Ottawa: Office of the Prime Minister.
. 1995d. Notes pour un [sic] allocution du Premier ministre Jean Chrétien, dans le cadre du débat d’une motion déposée à la Chambre des communes, le 29 novembre 1995. Release. Ottawa: Office of the Prime Minister.
Dominion of Canada. Parliament, House of Commons. 1942a. “Mobilization act”. Official Report of Debates House of Commons. Third Session, Nineteenth Parliament, volume III1 Ottawa: Edmond Cloutier, Printer to the King. 3225–3244.
. 1942b. “Loi sur la mobilistion des ressources nationales”. Compte rendu officiel des débats de la Chambre des communes. Third Session, Nineteenth Parliament, volume III1. Ottawa: Edmond Cloutier, Printer to the King. 3328–3348.
European Parliament. 2006. “Debates”. Archives of the activities: Parliamentary business section. [[URL]]. Accessed February 26, 2006.
La chambre des représentants de Belgique. 2003. “Compte rendu intégral”. laChambre.be. [[URL]]. Accessed March 25, 2005.
Library and Archives Canada, Prime Ministers’ Fonds, Pierre Elliott Trudeau. MG 26—O11—vol. 641 ; MG 26—O13 vol. 271 ; MG 26—O14—vol. 51 ; MG 26—O14—vol. 81.
Library and Archives Canada, Prime Ministers’ Fonds, William Mackenzie King. MG 26—J5—vol. 681.
Presse canadienne. 1942. “M. King fait du plébiscite un vote de confiance”. Le Devoir (25 avril 1942). 6–7.
. 1970. “La déclaration de M. Trudeau”. Le Devoir (17 octobre 1970). 6.
Translation Bureau. 2005. “Translation and linguistic Services, Translation Bureau”. [[URL]]. Accessed February 26, 2006.
Cited by (19)
Cited by 19 other publications
Hanna Lantto, Paula Sjöblom, Jaana Vaahtera & Minna Hjort
Jiang, Jianfeng & Huijuan Ma
Litre, Gabriela, Fabrice Hirsch, Patrick Caron, Alexander Andrason, Nathalie Bonnardel, Valerie Fointiat, Wilhelmina Onyothi Nekoto, Jade Abbott, Cristiana Dobre, Juliana Dalboni, Agnès Steuckardt, Giancarlo Luxardo & Hervé Bohbot
Seçkin, Sevcan
2021. The constraints in the field of institutional translation in Turkey. Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 67:6 ► pp. 758 ff.
Shih, Chung-ling
Dolmaya, Julie McDonough
2015. A place for oral history within Translation Studies?. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 27:2 ► pp. 192 ff.
Schäffner, Christina, Luciana Sabina Tcaciuc & Wine Tesseur
Vessey, Rachelle
최진실
Gagnon, Chantal
2010. Political translation. In Handbook of Translation Studies [Handbook of Translation Studies, 1], ► pp. 252 ff.
Gagnon, Chantal
Gagnon, Chantal
Gagnon, Chantal
Gagnon, Chantal
Gagnon, Chantal
Bánhegyi, Mátyás
Bánhegyi, Mátyás
2017. Identifying political and ideological bias in translated newspaper articles. FORUM. Revue internationale d’interprétation et de traduction / International Journal of Interpretation and Translation 15:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 4 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
