Two models for metaphor translation
Published online: 15 August 2006
https://doi.org/10.1075/target.17.2.03dic
https://doi.org/10.1075/target.17.2.03dic
This paper establishes both full and simplified models for the textual analysis of metaphor in a translation context (Section 1). I present the comparison theory of metaphor (Section 2), show how this can be integrated with the notions of lexicalization and non-lexicalization (Section 3) and consider the semantic purposes of metaphor (Section 4).
The remainder of the paper focuses on the translation of metaphor, starting with more abstract langue-oriented notions. I offer a critique and revision of Newmark’s (1988) metaphor typology (Section 5), and demonstrate how the revised typology can be integrated with the notions of lexicalization and non-lexicalization (Section 6). I then consider Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) model of metaphorical ‘schemata’, and propose ways in which this can also be integrated into an overall model (Section 7). I discuss the practical application of this model to Arabic–English translation (Section 8).
In addition to langue-oriented notions, I suggest that a full account of metaphor for translation needs to take into account the more parole-oriented notion of the interaction of metaphors in texts. I consider the notions of metaphorical congruence (Section 9), and metaphorical exuberance and density. Illustrating my arguments with Arabic–English translation data, I suggest that in given registers, different languages may tolerate more or less metaphorical density and exuberance as well as different degrees of metaphorical mixing (Section 10). The paper concludes with a consideration of the kind of ‘Full Model’ one might build up for a detailed academic study of metaphor translation (Section 11).
Keywords: metaphor, translation, Arabic, English
Résumé
Cet article propose des modèles simples et complets d’une étude textuelle de métaphores dans un contexte de traductions (Section 1). J’évoque en premier lieu la théorie comparative de la métaphore (Section 2) en montrant comment elle peut incorporer les notions de lexicalisation et de non-lexicalisation (Section 3). Enfin, j’examine les objectifs sémantiques de la métaphore (Section 4).
La suite de l’article porte sur la traduction des métaphores. J’aborde pour commencer les notions plus abstraites qui sont relatives à la langue. Ainsi, je propose une critique et une révision de la typologie des métaphores élaborée par Newmark (Section 5), en montrant également comment cette typologie révisée peut incorporer les notions de lexicalisation et de non-lexicalisation (Section 6). Je me penche ensuite sur le modèle des ‘schémas’ métaphoriques développé par Lakoff et Johnson, en m’interrogeant également de quelle manière on pourrait l’intégrer à un modèle enveloppant (Section 7). Suit une analyse de l’application pratique à la traduction de l’arabe en anglais (Section 8). Aux notions relatives à la langue s’ajoutent impérativement celles qui sont relatives à la parole; il s’agit plus précisément de l’interaction des métaphores dans un texte. Je m’attache aux notions de congruence métaphorique (Section 9), de richesse et de densité métaphoriques. En m’appuyant sur des traductions de l’arabe en anglais, je suggère que dans des registres donnés, des langues différentes peuvent accepter des taux variables de richesse et de densité métaphoriques en même temps que des degrés différents de mixage métaphorique (Section 10). Pour terminer, l’article esquisse le ‘modèle complet’ d’une étude détaillée de la métaphore en traduction (Section 11).
Article outline
- 1.Aims of this paper: The full and simplified models
- 1.1A basic definition of metaphor
- 1.2The importance of metaphor in translation
- ST with Arabic metaphors and associated phenomena marked
- Literal TT with Arabic ST metaphors and associated phenomena marked
- Idiomatic TT with English metaphors and associated phenomena marked
- 2.The comparison theory
- 1.The past is another country; they do things differently there
- 3.Lexicalized vs. non-lexicalized metaphors
- 4.The purposes of metaphor
- i.[T]o describe a mental process or state, a concept, a person, an object, a quality or action more comprehensively and concisely than is possible in literal or physical language (Newmark 1988: 104).
- ii.To express an openfended denotation or potential range of denotations
- 5.Metaphor and translation: Newmark’s approach
- 5.1Types of metaphor in Newmark
- 6.Integration of the lexicalized–non-lexicalized distinction with Newmark’s categories
- 7.Lakoff and Johnson’s model
- 8.Application of the Simplified Model to translation analysis
- 9.Extended and mixed metaphors
- 10.Metaphorical exuberance and density
- 11.Recapitulation: The Full Model
- 12.Conclusion and prospects
- Acknowledgments
- Notes
References
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