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Article published In: Target
Vol. 15:2 (2003) ► pp.197–241

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The cognitive basis of translation universals

 | University of Bergen, Norway
Published online: 12 May 2004
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https://doi.org/10.1075/target.15.2.02hal
At present, there are few attempts to provide external explanations for the patterns subsumed under the heading of “translation universal”. In this paper, I discuss the possible cognitive basis for the patterns/processes that have been variously referred to as simplification/generalization, normalization, standardization, sanitization, and exaggeration of target language features. The framework that I adopt is that of cognitive grammar, and my claim is that all of the above arise from the existence of asymmetries in the cognitive organization of semantic information. I also propose that the converse case is true: cases involving a lack of conspicuous cognitive asymmetries will demonstrate the opposite effect in translated text. In closing, I place the argument in a larger perspective by adopting Croft’s (1990) scalar notion of generalization in a discussion of explanation in translation studies.
Résumé
À l’heure actuelle, on tente rarement de fournir des explications externes pour les structures subsumées sous la rubrique “universaux de la traduction”. Cet article examine les bases cognitives de structures /processus tels que: la simplification /généralisation, normalisation, standardisation, censure et amplification de propriétés linguistiques de la langue-cible. Le cadre adopté est celui de la grammaire cognitive et le propos tenu le suivant : tous les processus cités proviennent d’asymétries dans l’organisation cognitive de l’information sémantique. J’estime cependant que le cas inverse est également vrai : des cas d’absence d’asymétries manifestes produiront un effet opposé dans les textes traduits. Enfin, je cherche à replacer l’argument dans une perspective plus large : en me référant à la notion scalaire de généralisation définie par Croft, William. 1990. Typology and universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, j’entame une discussion sur l’explication en études de traduction.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.The cognitive organization of information
    • 2.1Basic assumptions
    • 2.2Semantic structure: Linguistic units, domains, access points, categories and schematic networks
      • 2.2.1Linguistic units
      • 2.2.2The semantic pole
      • 2.2.3Integrated systems: Increasing structural complexity
    • 2.3Asymmetry, cognitive salience and categorial prominence
      • 2.3.1Asymmetry in the matrix: Specifications for lexical items
      • 2.3.2Asymmetry in schematic networks: Prototypes and schemas
    • 2.4Representation in the bilingual brain
      • 2.4.1Organization: Lexical and semantic elements and their interconnections
      • 2.4.2Translation tasks: Word-type effects
  • 3.Cognitive organization and translation effects
    • 3.1Bringing it all together
    • 3.2Effects of high cognitive salience on translation
    • 3.3Effects of low cognitive salience and low arc strengths on translation
  • 4.Additional effects and origins of cognitive salience and asymmetry
    • 4.1Asymmetry effects in second language acquisition (SLA)
    • 4.2Origins of asymmetric structure
  • 5.Conclusion
    • 5.1Description, explanation and generalization
    • 5.2Researching translation universals
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
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Hansen‐Schirra, Silvia
2017. EEG and Universal Language Processing in Translation. In The Handbook of Translation and Cognition, ► pp. 232 ff. DOI logo
Robin, Edina
2017. Translation universals revisited. FORUM. Revue internationale d’interprétation et de traduction / International Journal of Interpretation and Translation 15:1 ► pp. 51 ff. DOI logo
Vandepitte, Sonia
2017. Recognizing Social Aspects of Translation. In The Handbook of Translation and Cognition, ► pp. 165 ff. DOI logo
Whyatt, Bogusława, Marta Kajzer-Wietrzny & Katarzyna Stachowiak
2017. Intralingual and interlingual translation. In Translation in Transition [Benjamins Translation Library, 133], ► pp. 135 ff. DOI logo
Wintner, Shuly
2017. Computational Approaches to Translation Studies. In Business Intelligence [Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 280], ► pp. 38 ff. DOI logo
Carl, Michael, Srinivas Bangalore & Moritz J. Schaeffer
2016. Computational linguistics and translation studies. In Border Crossings [Benjamins Translation Library, 126], ► pp. 225 ff. DOI logo
Kajzer-Wietrzny, Marta, Bogusława Whyatt & Katarzyna Stachowiak
2016. Simplification in inter- and intralingual translation – combining corpus linguistics, key logging and eye-tracking. Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 52:2 DOI logo
Su, Wenchao & Defeng Li
2016. Corpus-Based Studies of Translational Chinese in English–Chinese Translation (2015). Richard Xiao and Xianyao Hu.. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 31:3 ► pp. 516 ff. DOI logo
Egan, Thomas
2015. Manner and Path: evidence from a multilingual corpus. CogniTextes 12:Volume 12 DOI logo
Marshall, Sally
2015. Evidential stance in translation: patterns of complementation in mediated memories. The Translator 21:1 ► pp. 50 ff. DOI logo
Volansky, V., N. Ordan & S. Wintner
2015. On the features of translationese. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 30:1 ► pp. 98 ff. DOI logo
Álvarez de la Fuente, Esther & Raquel Fernández Fuertes
2015. Translation universals in the oral production of bilingual children. Translation and Translanguaging in Multilingual Contexts 1:1 ► pp. 49 ff. DOI logo
Biel, Łucja
2014. The textual fit of translated EU law: a corpus-based study of deontic modality. The Translator 20:3 ► pp. 332 ff. DOI logo
Davier, Lucile
2014. The paradoxical invisibility of translation in the highly multilingual context of news agencies. Global Media and Communication 10:1 ► pp. 53 ff. DOI logo
Davier, Lucile
2017. Bibliographie. In Les enjeux de la traduction dans les agences de presse, ► pp. 303 ff. DOI logo
Halverson, Sandra L.
2014. Reorienting Translation Studies: Cognitive Approaches and the Centrality of the Translator. In Translation: A Multidisciplinary Approach, ► pp. 116 ff. DOI logo
Halverson, Sandra L.
2015. Cognitive Translation Studies and the merging of empirical paradigms. Translation Spaces 4:2 ► pp. 310 ff. DOI logo
Halverson, Sandra L.
2017. Multimethod Approaches. In The Handbook of Translation and Cognition, ► pp. 193 ff. DOI logo
Halverson, Sandra L.
2019. ‘Default’ translation. Translation, Cognition & Behavior 2:2 ► pp. 187 ff. DOI logo
Kenny, Dorothy
2012. Linguistic Approaches to Translation. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, DOI logo
Kruger, Haidee
2012. A corpus-based study of the mediation effect in translated and edited language. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 24:2 ► pp. 355 ff. DOI logo
Kruger, Haidee & Bertus Rooy
2012. Register and the features of translated language. Across Languages and Cultures 13:1 ► pp. 33 ff. DOI logo
Vilinsky, BÁrbara
2012. On the lower frequency of occurrence of Spanish verbal periphrases in translated texts as evidence for the unique items hypothesis. Across Languages and Cultures 13:2 ► pp. 197 ff. DOI logo
Bernardini, Silvia & Adriano Ferraresi
2011. Practice, Description and Theory Come Together – Normalization or Interference in Italian Technical Translation?. Meta 56:2 ► pp. 226 ff. DOI logo
Chesterman, Andrew
2011. Translation universals. In Handbook of Translation Studies [Handbook of Translation Studies, 2], ► pp. 175 ff. DOI logo
Chesterman, Andrew
2013. The Significance of Hypotheses. TTR 24:2 ► pp. 65 ff. DOI logo
Chesterman, Andrew
2014. Translation StudiesForum: Universalism in translation studies. Translation Studies 7:1 ► pp. 82 ff. DOI logo
Marco, Josep
2010. Normalisation and the Translation of Phraseology in the COVALT Corpus1. Meta 54:4 ► pp. 842 ff. DOI logo
Brzozowski, Jerzy
2009. Le problème des stratégies du traduire*. Meta 53:4 ► pp. 765 ff. DOI logo
Jay-Rayon, Laurence
2008. Traduire les réseaux métaphoriques chez Nuruddin Farah. Meta 52:4 ► pp. 839 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2017. Summary and conclusions. In Aspects of cohesion and coherence in translation [Benjamins Translation Library, 134], ► pp. 205 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2017. Reflections on Translation Theory [Benjamins Translation Library, 132], DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2017. Aspects of cohesion and coherence in translation [Benjamins Translation Library, 134], DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2019. Preface. In A World Atlas of Translation [Benjamins Translation Library, 145], ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 4 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

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