Article published In: Scientific Study of Literature
Vol. 5:2 (2015) ► pp.200–228
Processing punctuation and word changes in different editions of prose fiction
Published online: 28 July 2016
https://doi.org/10.1075/ssol.5.2.05con
https://doi.org/10.1075/ssol.5.2.05con
The digital era has brought with it a shift in the field of literary editing in terms of the amount and kind of textual variation that can reasonably be annotated by editors. However, questions remain about how far readers engage with textual variants, especially minor ones such as small-scale changes to punctuation. In this study we present an eye-tracking experiment investigating reader sensitivity to variations in surface textual features of prose fiction. We monitored eye movements while participants read textual variants from Dickens and James, hypothesising that readers may pay more attention to lexical rather than punctuation changes. We found longer reading times for both types, but only lexical changes also increased reading times for the rest of the sentence. In addition, eye-movement behaviour and conscious ability to report changes were highly correlated. We discuss the implications for how such methods might be applied to questions of “literary” significance and textual processing.
Keywords: reading, text-editing, prose fiction, textual variants, eye-tracking, punctuation
References (48)
Carminati, M., Stabler, J., Roberts, A., & Fischer, M. (2006). Readers’ responses to sub-genre and rhyme scheme in poetry. Poetics, 34(3), 204–218.
Carrol, G., & Conklin, K. (2014). Eye-tracking multi-word units: Some methodological questions. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 7(5), 1–11.
Complete Works of Evelyn Waugh [Digital Library]. (n.d.). Retrieved from [URL]
. (1867). The Charles Dickens edition. The adventures of Oliver Twist. London, United Kingdom: Chapman and Hall.
Goldman, J., & Sellers, S. (2010). General editors’ preface. In M. Herbert & S. Sellers (Eds.) (with research by Ian Blythe), The Cambridge edition of the works of Virginia Woolf, The Waves (pp. ix–xx). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Guy, J., Scott, R., Conklin, K., & Carrol, G. (2016). Challenges in editing late nineteenth-and early twentieth-century prose fiction: What is editorial “completeness”? English Literature in Transition, 59(4), 435–455.
Hanauer, D. (1996). Integration of phonetic and graphic features in poetic text categorization judgments. Poetics, 23(5), 363–380.
. (2001). What we know about reading poetry. Theoretical positions and empirical research. In D. Schram & G. Steen (Eds.), The psychology and sociology of literature (pp. 107–128). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Hill, R., & Murray, W. (2000). Commas and spaces: Effects of punctuation on eye movements and sentence parsing. In A. Kennedy, R. Radach, D. Heller, & J. Pynte (Eds.), Reading as a perceptual process (pp. 565–590). Oxford, United Kingdom: Elsevier.
Hirotani, M., Frazier, L., & Rayner, K. (2006). Punctuation and intonation effects on clause and sentence wrap-up: Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Memory and Language, 54(3), 425–443.
Hoffstaedter, P. (1987). Poetic text processing and its empirical investigation. Poetics 16(1), 75–91.
Hyona, J., & Niemi, P. (1990). Eye movements during repeated reading of a text. Acta Psychologica, 731, 259–280.
Jakobson, R. (1960). Linguistics and poetics. In T. Segbeok (Ed.), Style in language (pp. 350–377). Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
. (1908). The portrait of a lady, Vol. 11. New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons. Vol. III of The Novels and Tales of Henry James
.
Just, M., & Carpenter, P. (1980). A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension. Psychological Review, 871, 329–354.
Kaakinen, J., & Hyönä, J. (2010). Task effects on eye movements during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 36(6), 1561–1566.
Koops van’t Jagt, R., Hoeks, J., Dorleijn, G., & Hendriks, P. (2014). Look before you leap: How enjambment affects the processing of poetry. Scientific Study of Literature, 4(1), 3–24.
Landis, J., & Koch, G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159–174.
Lee, S., Lee, M., Park, H., Chang, M.-S., & Kwak, H.-W. (2015). Effects of search intent on eye-movement patterns in a change detection task. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 8(2), 1–10.
Levy, B., Di Persio, R., & Hollingshead, A. (1992). Fluent rereading: Repetition, automaticity, and discrepancy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 181, 951–91.
Mahlberg, M., Conklin, K., & Bisson, M.-J. (2014). Reading Dickens’s characters: Employing psycholinguistic methods to investigate the cognitive reality of patterns in texts. Language and Literature, 23(4), 369–388.
Mar, R., Oatley, K., Djikic, M., & Mullin, J. (2011). Emotion and narrative fiction: Interactive influences before, during, and after reading. Cognition & Emotion, 25(5), 818–833.
McKenzie, D. (1986). The Panizzi lectures 1985: Bibliography and the sociology of texts. London, United Kingdom: British Library.
Miall, D., & Kuiken, D. (1994). Foregrounding, defamiliarization, and affect: Response to literary stories. Poetics, 22(5), 389–407.
Niikuni, K., & Muramoto, T. (2014). Effects of punctuation on the processing of temporarily ambiguous sentences in Japanese. Japanese Psychological Research, 56(3), 275–287.
Niikuni, K., Iwasaki, S., & Muramoto, T. (2015). The role of punctuation in processing relative-clause sentence Constructions in Japanese. In G. Airenti, B. Bara, G. Sandini, & M. Cruciani (Eds.), Proceedings of the meeting of the EAPCogSci (pp. 692–697). Retrieved from [URL]
Philips, N. (2015). Literary neuroscience and history of mind: An interdisciplinary fMRI study of attention and Jane Austen. In L. Zunshine (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of cognitive literary studies (pp. 55–84). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Pickering, M.J., Frisson, S., McElree, B., & Traxler, M. (2004). Eye movements and semantic composition. In M. Carreriras & C. Clifton (Eds.), On-line study of sentence comprehension: Eyetracking, ERPs and beyond (pp. 33–50). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Pynte, J., & Kennedy, A. (2007). The influence of punctuation and word class on distributed processing in normal reading. Vision Research, 47(9), 1215–1227.
Raney, G. (2003). A context-dependent representation model for explaining text repetition effects. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 10(1), 15–28.
Raney, G., & Rayner, K. (1995). Word frequency effects and eye movements during two readings of a text. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Expérimentale, 49(2), 151–172.
Rayner, K. (1978). Eye movements in reading and information processing. Psychological Bulletin, 85(3), 618–660.
. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), 372–422.
Riese, K., Bayer, M., Lauer, G., & Schacht, A. (2014). In the eye of the recipient: Pupillary responses to suspense in literary classics. Scientific Study of Literature, 4(2), 211–232.
Roberts, A.M., Stabler, J., Fischer, M.H., & Otty, L. (2013). Space and pattern in linear and postlinear poetry: Empirical and theoretical approaches. European Journal of English Studies, 17(1), 23–40.
Sanford, A., & Filik, R. (2007) ‘They’ as a gender-unspecified singular pronoun: Eyetracking reveals a processing cost. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60(2), 171–178.
Schaffner, A., Knowles, K., Weger, U., & Roberts, A. (2012). Reading space in visual poetry: New cognitive perspectives. Writing Technologies, 4(1), 75–106.
Schotter, E., Bicknell, K, Howard, I., Levy, R., & Rayner, K. (2014). Task effects reveal cognitive flexibility responding to frequency and predictability: Evidence from eye movements in reading and proofreading. Cognition, 1311, 1–27.
Shillingsburg, P. (1993). Polymorphic, polysemic, protean, reliable, electronic texts. In G. Bornstein & R. Williams (Eds.), Palimpsest: Editorial theory in the humanities (pp. 29–44). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Siyanova-Chanturia, A., Conklin, K., & van Heuven, W.J.B. (2011). Seeing a phrase “time and again” matters: The role of phrasal frequency in the processing of multiword sequences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 37(3), 776–784.
Stape, J. (2013). Reply to rejoinder: The Cambridge Woolf. English Literature in Transition, 1880–1920, 56(2), 270.
Staub, A., & Rayner, K. (2007). Eye movements and on-line comprehension processes. In M.G. Gaskell (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 327–342). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Cited by (5)
Cited by five other publications
Chen, Lijuan, Xiaodong Xu & Hongling Lv
Parente, Fabio, Kathy Conklin, Josephine M Guy & Rebekah Scott
Parente, Fabio, Kathy Conklin, Josephine Guy, Gareth Carrol & Rebekah Scott
2019. Reader expertise and the literary significance of small-scale textual
features in prose fiction. Scientific Study of Literature 9:1 ► pp. 3 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 4 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
