In:Emergent Syntax for Conversation: Clausal patterns and the organization of action
Edited by Yael Maschler, Simona Pekarek Doehler, Jan Lindström and Leelo Keevallik
[Studies in Language and Social Interaction 32] 2020
► pp. 151–182
Chapter 6From matrix clause to turn expansion
The emergence of wo juede ‘I feel/think’ in Mandarin conversational interaction
Published online: 17 February 2020
https://doi.org/10.1075/slsi.32.06wan
https://doi.org/10.1075/slsi.32.06wan
Abstract
One way complex clauses manifest themselves is through a combination of a matrix clause and a complement clause. However,
matrix clauses as represented by constructions such as I think have been widely reported to undergo grammaticization,
whereby they become a marker indicating the speaker’s epistemic stance. This has also been identified for Mandarin Chinese. In this
chapter, however, we report that wo juede ‘I feel/think’ in Mandarin has developed a conversation interactional
function that extends turns-at-talk – a phenomenon that has not yet received much attention in the Chinese literature on talk in
interaction. By providing an account for the link between the epistemic/evaluative uses and the turn-expansion function of the
erstwhile matrix clause, this paper brings in an extended, interactional dimension to the study of clause-combining.
Keywords: matrix clause, Mandarin Chinese, turn-expansion, complement clause
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Data
- 3.Subjective use of wo juede
- 3.1Evaluative use
- 3.2Epistemic use
- 4.Intersubjective use of wo juede
- 5.Wo juede and turn expansion
- 5.1Prosodically integrated wo juede
- 5.2Prosodically independent wo juede
- 6.Discussion
- 6.1Functional distribution
- 6.2Explaining the link between multiple functions
- 6.3Pathways of the emergence of the extended uses
- 7.Conclusions
Notes References
References (60)
Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman grammar of spoken and written English. London: Longman.
Boersma, P. & Weenink, D. (2018). Praat: Doing phonetics by computer [Computer program]. Version 6.0.43, retrieved 8 September, 2018 from [URL].
Bybee, J., and Hopper, J. (2001).
Frequency and the emergence of linguistic structure. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Bybee, J., Perkins, R., & Pagliuca, W. (1994). The Evolution of grammar: Tense,aspect and modality in the languages of the world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bybee, J., & Scheibman, J. (1999). The effect of usage on degrees of constituency: The reduction of Don’t in English. Linguistics 37 (4): 575–596.
Chafe, W. (1982). Integration and involvement in speaking, writing, and oral literature. In D. Tannen (Ed.), Spoken and written language: Exploring orality and literacy (pp. 35–54). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Coates, J. (1990). Modal meaning: The semantics – pragmatics interface. Journal of Semantics 7, 53–63.
Couper-Kuhlen, E. & Thompson, S. A. (2008). On assessing situations and events in conversation: Extraposition and its relatives. Discourse Studies 10(4): 443–467.
Diessel, H., & Tomasello, M. (2001). The acquisition of finite complements clauses in English: A corpus-based analysis. Cognitive Linguistics 12, 97–141.
Du Bois, J. W. (2007). The stance triangle. In R. Englebretson (Ed.), Stancetaking in discourse: Subjectivity, evaluation, interaction (pp. 139–182). Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Du Bois, J. W., Schuetze-Coburn, S., Cumming, S., & Paolino, D. (1993). Outline of discourse transcription. In J. A. Edwards & M. D. Lampert (Eds.), Talking data: Transcription and coding in discourse research (pp. 45–89). New York/London: Psychology Press.
Duranti, A. (2010). Husserl, intersubjectivity and anthropology. Anthropological Theory 10 (1–2), 16–35.
Endo, T. K. (2010). Expressing stance in Mandarin conversation: Epistemic and non-epistemic uses of wo juede. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Englebretson, Robert (Ed.). 2007. Stancetaking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Fang, M. (2000). Ziran kouyu zhong ruohua lianci de huayu biaoji gongneng. [Discourse functions of bleached conjunctions in natural Mandarin conversation]. Zhongguo Yuwen [
Studies of the Chinese Language
], 5, 459–470.
Gillespie, A., & Cornish, F. (2010). Intersubjectivity: Towards a dialogical analysis. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 40 (1), 19–46.
Goodwin, C. (1996). Transparent vision. In E. Ochs, E. A. Schegloff, & S. A. Thompson (Eds.), Interaction and grammar (pp. 370–404). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goodwin, C. & Goodwin, M. H. (1992). Assessments and the construction of context. In C. Goodwin and A. Duranti (Eds.), Rethinking context: Language as an interactive phenomenon (pp. 147–190). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hayashi, M. (1999). Where grammar and interaction meet: A study of co-participant completion in Japanese conversation. Human Studies 22 (2–4), 475–499.
Heritage, J. (2007). Intersubjectivity and progressivity in person (and place) reference. In N. J. Enfield & T. Stivers (Eds.), Person reference in interaction: Linguistic, cultural and social perspectives (pp. 255–280). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Huang, S. (2003). Doubts about complementation: A functionalist analysis. Language and Linguistics 4 (2), 429–455.
Hunston, S., & Sinclair, J. (2000). A local grammar of evaluation. In S. Hunston & G. Thompson (Eds.), Evaluation in text: Authorial stance and the construction of discourse (pp. 74–101). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jefferson, G. (2004). Glossary of transcript symbols with an introduction. In G. Lerner (Ed.), Conversation analysis: Studies from the first generation (pp. 13–34). Amsterdam/Philadephia: John Benjamins.
Kärkkäinen, E. (2003). Epistemic stance in English conversation: A description of its interactional functions, with a focus on I think. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
(2007). The Role of I guess in conversational stancetaking. In R. Englebretson (Ed.), Stancetaking in discourse: Subjectivity, evaluation, interaction (pp. 183–220). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
(2012).
I thought it was very interesting: Conversational formats for taking a stance. Journal of Pragmatics 44 (15), 2194–2210.
Laury, R. H. & Helasvuo, M-L., 2016. Disclaiming epistemic access with ‘know’ and ‘remember’ in Finnish. Journal of Pragmatics 106, 80–96.
Lerner, G. H. (1996). On the ‘semi-permeable’ character of grammatical units in conversation: Conditional entry into the turn space of
another speaker. In E. Ochs, E. A. Schegloff & S. A. Thompson (Eds.), Interaction and grammar (pp. 238–276). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lim, N. E. (2009). Stance-taking with wo juede in conversational Chinese. In Proceedings of the 21st North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics, (pp. 323–340). Columbus: Ohio State University online publications.
(2011). From subjectivity to intersubjectivity: Epistemic marker wo juede in Chinese. In Y. Xiao, L. Tao & H. L. Soh (Eds.), Current issues in Chinese linguistics (pp. 265–300). Cambridge: Cambridge Scholar Press.
Lindström, J., Maschler, Y., & Pekarek Doehler, S. (2016). A cross-linguistic perspective on grammar and negative epistemics in talk-in-interaction. Journal of Pragmatics 106, 72–79.
Lü, S., Li, L., Liu, J., Fan, J., Shi, Y., Fan, F., Meng, C., Ma, S., Li, Z., Chen, J., Zhan, K., Zheng, H., & Tao, B. (Eds.). (1980). Xiandai hanyu babaici [Modern Chinese 800 words]. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.
Maschler, Y. (2012). Emergent projecting constructions: The case of Hebrew yada (‘know’). Studies in Language 36(4): 785–847.
(2017). The emergence of Hebrew loydea/loydat (‘I dunno masc/fem’) from interaction: Blurring the boundaries
between discourse marker, pragmatic marker, and modal particle. In A. Sansò and C. Fedriani (Eds.), Pragmatic markers, discourse markers and modal particles: New perspectives (pp. 37–69). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Mori, J., & Hayashi, M. (2006). The achievement of intersubjectivity through embodied completions: A study of interactions between first and second
language speakers. Applied Linguistics 27 (2), 195–219.
Mulder, J. & Thompson, S. A. (2008). The grammaticization of but as a final particle in English conversation. In R. Laury (Ed.), Crosslinguistic Studies of Clause Combining: The Multifunctionality of conjunctions (pp. 179–204). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Pekarek Doehler, S. (2011). Clause-combining and the sequencing of actions: Projector constructions in French talk-in-interaction. In R. Laury & R. Suzuki (Eds.), Subordination in conversation: A cross-linguistic perspective (pp. 103–148). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Pomerantz, A. (1984). Agreeing and disagreeing with assessments: Some features of preferred/dispreferred turn shapes. In M. Atkinson & J. Heritage (Eds.), Structures of social interaction: Studies in conversation analysis (pp. 57–101). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., Svartvik, J., & Crystal, D. (1985). A comprehensive grammar of the English language. London/New York: Longman.
Schegloff, E. A. (1992). Repair after next turn: The last structurally provided defense of intersubjectivity in conversation. American Journal of Sociology 97 (5), 1295–1345.
(2007). Sequence organization in interaction: A primer in conversation analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Scheibman, J. (2000).
I dunno: A usage-based account of the phonological reduction of don’t in American English
conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 32 (1), 105–124.
(2001). Local patterns of subjectivity in person and verb type in American English conversation. In J. L. Bybee & P. Hopper (Eds.), Frequency and the emergence of linguistic structure (pp. 61–90). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Stivers, T. (2008). Stance, alignment, and affiliation during story telling: When nodding is a token of preliminary
affiliation. Research on Language in Social Interaction 41 (1):31–57.
Tao, H. (1996). Units in Mandarin conversation: Prosody, discourse, and grammar. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
(2001). Discovering the usual with corpora: The case of remember. In R. Simpson & J. Swales (Eds.), Corpus linguistics in North America: Selections from the 1999 symposium (pp. 116–144). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
(2003a). Phonological, grammatical, and discourse evidence for the emergence of zhidao
[know] constructions. [in Chinese] Chinese Language 4, 291–302.
(2003b.) A usage-based approach to argument structure: Remember and forget in spoken
English. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 8, 75–95.
(2007). A corpus-based investigation of absolutely and related phenomena in spoken American
English. Journal of English Linguistics 35 (1), 1–25.
Tao, L. (2006). Classifier loss and frozen tone in spoken Beijing Mandarin: The yi+ge
phonosyntactic conspiracy. Linguistics 44, 91–133.
Thompson, G. & Hunston, S. (2000). Evaluation: An introduction. In S. Hunston & G. Thompson (Eds.), Evaluation in text: Authorial stance and the construction of discourse (pp. 1–27). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Thompson, S. A. (2002). ‘Object complements’ and conversation: Towards a realistic account. Studies in Language 26, 125–163.
Thompson, S. A., & Mulac, A. (1991a). A quantitative perspective on the grammaticalization of epistemic parentheticals in English. In B. Heine and E. Traugott (eds.), Approaches to grammaticalization, 313–329. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Cited by (3)
Cited by three other publications
Yu, Guodong, Yaxin Wu, Paul Drew & Chase Wesley Raymond
2024. The DIG Mandarin Conversations (DMC) Corpus. Chinese Language and Discourse. An International and Interdisciplinary Journal 15:1 ► pp. 105 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 4 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
