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Article published In: Sign Language & Linguistics
Vol. 20:1 (2017) ► pp.55–108

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Iconicity in argument structure

Psych-verbs in Sign Language of the Netherlands

 | University of Amsterdam
Published online: 6 November 2017
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https://doi.org/10.1075/sll.20.1.03oom
Abstract
A long tradition of psych-verb research in spoken languages has demonstrated that they constitute a class of their own, both semantically and syntactically. This study presents a description and analysis of psych-verbs in Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT) in order to investigate whether this verb type displays comparable peculiarities in sign languages. The study is primarily based on data from the Corpus NGT (Crasborn, Onno, Inge Zwitserlood & Johan Ros. 2008. Het Corpus NGT. Een digitaal open access corpus van filmpjes en annotaties van de Nederlandse Gebarentaal. Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen. URL: [URL].). Firstly, the data indicate that all psych-verbs in NGT select a subject Experiencer. Secondly, it is shown that there is an iconic property of psych-verbs in NGT that lays bare a conceptual link between psychological states and locative relations: body-anchoring. The location singled out by the place of articulation of a psych-verb is associated with the metaphoric location of an emotion, or a type of behavior associated with the expression of an emotion. It is furthermore argued that the body as a whole iconically represents the container of a psychological state. The body is analyzed as a possessive determiner that may receive a first person specification as a consequence of body-anchoring. The data support such an analysis, as they suggest that sentences without an overt Experiencer yield a default first person interpretation. Thus, it is claimed that iconicity affects sentence structure and as such should be incorporated into the formal grammar system. Given that body-anchoring is the source of the effects mentioned above, it may be hypothesized that psych-verbs in NGT do not constitute a class of its own, but rather belong to a larger class of iconically motivated body-anchored verbs that share the properties mentioned above.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
    • 1.1Psych-verbs in spoken languages
    • 1.2Psych-verbs in sign languages
    • 1.3Some terminology and definitions
    • 1.4Aims of the study
  • 2.Methodology of the corpus study
    • 2.1Methodology
    • 2.2Challenges and limitations
  • 3.Results
    • 3.1Lexical form of NGT psych-verbs
    • 3.2Examples with an Experiencer argument
      • 3.2.1Third person Experiencer arguments
      • 3.2.2First person Experiencer arguments
    • 3.3Examples with an Experiencer and a Theme argument
      • 3.3.1 love, hate, and miss
      • 3.3.2Other psych-verbs
      • 3.3.3Final remarks and summary
    • 3.4Psych-verbs in combination with aux-op
  • 4.Grammaticality judgment task
    • 4.1Methodology
    • 4.2Results
  • 5.Theoretical analysis
    • 5.1Two subclasses of psych-verbs
    • 5.2The body as an argument of the verb
      • 5.2.1‘Body as subject’
      • 5.2.2‘Experiencer as location’
      • 5.2.3Does the body represent the Experiencer?
    • 5.3The body as part of a locative adjunct
    • 5.4The role of the body
      • 5.4.1The paradigm
      • 5.4.2Full representation of psych-verb constructions in NGT
      • 5.4.3An iconically motivated variable
  • 6.Conclusions and discussion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
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