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In:The Documentarist Turn: From observable linguistic behaviour to typological generalizations
Edited by Sonja Riesberg, Uta Reinöhl and Birgit Hellwig
[Studies in Language Companion Series 240] 2026
► pp. 518–571

Chapter 20
A global view on the Ausrichtungsaffix and the deep differences between nominalization-derived versus applicative-derived diathesis in Austronesian

ORCiD logo with link | Queens College, City University of New York
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Abstract
Austronesian voice has been claimed to originate in an ancient reanalysis of participant nominalization as matrix clause predicates. A survey of participant nominalization as a relativizing strategy reveals that Austronesian voice has many analogues throughout the world that show certain typological hallmarks such as apparently null-headed relative clauses, genitive marked agents and a lack of dedicated relativizers and copulas. Many Austronesian languages maintain remnants of the original verbal forms alongside the nominalized forms that took over main clause functions in most languages. New observations about the case assignment properties of these forms in several Philippine languages strengthen the argument that they remain as a distinct verbal syntactic category in modern languages, in comparison to the participle-like forms stemming from nominalization.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.The two diathesis paradigms of early Austronesian
  • 3.Nominalized “relative clauses”: Cross-linguistic parallels
    • 3.1Undifferentiated nominalization
    • 3.2Two-way subject vs. non-subject differentiation
    • 3.3Three and four-way differentiated systems
    • 3.4The typology of nominalized relatives
  • 4.Case marking and participant nominalization
    • 4.1The Cahita languages
    • 4.2The Tani languages
    • 4.3Early Austronesian case suffixes
    • 4.4Towards an account of the case/nominalizer syncretism
  • 5.Equational Ausrichtungsaffix syntax vs. verbal applicative syntax
    • 5.1Imperative addressees
    • 5.2Licensing nominative case in first generation clauses
      • 5.2.1Bikol recent perfective
      • 5.2.2Waray temporal adjuncts
      • 5.2.3Western Bukidnon Manobo
      • 5.2.4Bugkalot
    • 5.3Two means of assigning case
    • 5.4Genitive case in first generation clauses
    • 5.5First generation as actor voice applicatives in Malayo-Polynesian languages
  • 6.Conclusion and remaining questions
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
References (122)
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