In:Possibility and Necessity: Concepts and expressions of modality
Edited by Jean Albrespit, Christelle Lacassain and Tracey Simpson
[Studies in Language Companion Series 237] 2025
► pp. 367–370
Index
Published online: 4 November 2025
https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.237.index
https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.237.index
A
- affordance 119, 134, 319
- agent 144–161
- Agonist
329–330, 333,
339, 341–342, 346–347, 351, 353, 355–356
- weaker 329–330, 341
- Aikhenvald 55–57, 60, 64–66, 68
- ambivalent contexts 8, 293, 307
- Antagonist 329–333, 339, 341–342, 346–347, 351, 353–356
- arbitrariness149
- argumentation 25, 32, 49, 87, 168–170
B
- beon/wesan 8, 293, 295, 298–299, 305, 307
- bicausal conditionals 7, 217–218, 221, 226, 232
- bridging contexts 293, 300, 306–7
- but 29–49
C
- capacitive structure 9, 310–325
- causal relation 14, 94, 217–232, 334
- circumstantial possibility 8, 310, 318–319, 321, 324
- cognitive linguistics 56, 68, 339
- commitment
58–59, 65,
73, 111, 114, 132, 208–9, 211–212, 338, 345
- degree of 58, 194, 209–211
- weak 111, 113–114, 122
- committing, acts of 187, 208, 216
- complements
62–63, 69–70, 72, 76–78, 295–298, 302, 315, 322,
327, 334, 358
- complement type 63, 71, 77–78
- measure complement 310, 314, 316, 321–322
- predicative complement 54, 63, 68–69, 71–72, 78, 83, 296, 298, 322
- property complement322
- post-verbal complements 311–313
- typology of 4, 52–53, 62
- completeness, ontological 4, 28, 36–37
- Comrie 7, 217–218, 221–225
- conceptualiser
5, 52, 81–83
- conception, subject of 61–62, 81
- concession value 5, 90–92, 108–9, 114–115
- condition (necessary) 7, 217, 220–221, 226, 228–231
- conditional constructions/structures 7, 217–218, 221–229, 232–233, 332, 353
- conditional relations 223, 225, 228
- conditionals
7, 33, 50, 217, 219–220, 223, 225–226, 232–233, 361
- prototypical 218–219, 232
- non-prototypical conditionals 7, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 231, 233
- congruence 8–9, 254–255, 259–260, 265–267, 275, 277, 280–281, 283–287, 310, 324, 329, 332
- conjectural value 90, 92, 109, 113
- connections
- logical 120, 148, 156, 162
- connectors 88, 92–95, 97–100, 102–4, 107–8, 110, 231
- constructions
2–4, 12,
19–20, 43–47, 72, 81–82, 94–95, 140–141, 188, 217–218, 221–223, 229–230, 293, 295–296, 300–301, 305–7, 323–325
- catenative constructions 327, 330
- causative constructions 341, 346
- mirative constructions 4, 12–13
- container
9, 310, 312–313, 319–321, 323–324
- container metaphor 313–314
- contingent force 351, 353
- convenit (Latin) 254–289
- copular sentences 64, 68, 72
- copular verb
72, 295–296, 322
- copular perception verb (CPV) 1, 3–4, 52–85
- CPVs evidentials 52–53
- CPV sentences 52, 63, 65, 72–76, 79–83
- degrees of evidentiality and epistemicity in 52–53, 74
- Cotte 6, 140–165, 183, 308, 325
- Culioli 49–50
D
- Danish 235–251
- degree of likelihood 42, 173, 178
- degree of probability 18, 41
- degrees 47, 55–58, 60, 62, 68–71, 76, 78, 113, 133–134, 151–152, 324, 337, 354–356
- deictic
46, 60, 286–287
- deicticity 8, 254, 276, 285–287, 289
- epideictic338
- deonticity
- deontic modality 295, 299, 316–317, 342, 353
- deontic necessity 8, 173, 293–294, 299, 307, 353, 355
- deontic permission 311–312
- deontic possibility 175, 299
- directives 342–344, 361–362
- direct objects 46, 193, 329, 332
- discourse
5–6, 9,
88, 111–112, 114, 166–168, 184–185, 195–196, 198, 203, 336–340
- spoken 198, 203, 206–7, 211
- modes 166, 168–171
- relations 167, 176–178
- discursive contexts 37, 353, 355
- donc (French) 87–113
- Ducrot 25–26, 88, 92, 111, 115
- dunque (Italian) 87–113
- dynamicity
- dynamic necessity 298–300
- dynamic possibility 8, 175, 293, 299, 304–5, 307, 310, 324, 361
- dynamic situations 6, 140, 144
E
- earmarking 293, 297–300, 304–305, 307
- emotive constructions23
- English
4, 6–7, 13–14, 38,
49, 50–53, 84, 141, 165–166, 212, 250, 289–290
- Late Modern English 3, 6, 188, 186, 195, 198, 202–3, 211–212
- English modal expressions 6, 166–167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185
- English modals 2, 141, 166
- Old English 3, 6, 8, 62, 140–165, 293–295, 297–301, 307, 309
- epistemicity
4–5, 7,
17–18, 41,
43, 52–65, 71–79, 81–83, 112, 117–119, 121–123, 125, 127, 129, 131,
133–135, 177–178, 316
- epistemic categories 4, 52–53
- epistemic domain 32, 41, 74, 76
- epistemic evaluation 25, 58, 61
- epistemic interpretation 113–114
- cross-semiotic 5, 117, 133
- verbal 122, 125
- epistemic judgement 18, 71, 73
- epistemic markers 54, 56, 58, 122, 125, 349
- epistemic meanings 64, 85, 162
- epistemic modality 2–3, 28–29, 41–43, 54–55, 58–61, 74–76, 83, 85, 117, 137, 162–163, 242, 246, 316–317
- epistemic modals 7, 54, 62, 73, 75
- epistemic necessity 38, 59
- epistemic possibility 40, 43
- epistemic values 59, 88
- visual epistemicity 123, 125, 128
- epistemological impact 6, 117, 119
- êthos 337–338, 340, 349, 351, 361
- evaluation
2, 32, 36, 38, 56–57, 61, 65,
69–71, 73–74, 76–78, 81–83, 90–91
- positive 36, 48
- negative18
- Event Structure Metaphor331
- evidence 54–55, 58–61, 65–69, 75–78, 81–83, 127, 130, 136–137, 208, 334, 361
- evidentiality
2, 4, 52–62, 64–66, 68, 74,
76, 82–85, 148
- communicative evidentiality 338, 349, 351–352, 356–357
- definition of evidentiality 55–56, 65–68
- inferential evidentiality 4, 59
- evidentials/evidential markers 4, 52–59, 64–68, 75, 81, 83–85, 290, 350–351
- evidential dimension 58, 62, 74, 85
- evidential meaning 3–4, 52–54, 56, 64–65, 67–68, 73, 75–76, 82, 84
- evidential qualification 58, 61, 74
- evidential reliability 76, 78–79
- evidential source 67, 73, 79, 82
- exclamatory sentences 35–36, 47
- experiencer 5, 73–76, 80–82, 146, 151, 302, 315
F
- force dynamics
9, 326–327, 336–365
- commissives 342–344, 361
- directives 342–344, 361–362
- interactions 328–330, 332, 334, 361–362
- relations 9, 326, 330
- schema 334, 337, 341, 343–344, 347, 353, 356, 361
- schemata 339, 346, 361
- Fraser 6, 174, 186–187, 190–193, 208–9, 213
- French 49, 84, 116, 235–251, 254–292
- functional linguistics 136, 164, 167, 184
G
- generativity330
- Germanic languages 8, 116, 141–143, 153, 254, 295, 301
- gestures 336, 340–363, 366
- grammaticalisation 21, 39, 49, 52–53, 61, 65, 83–85, 141, 167, 210, 213, 308
- grammatical subject 63, 66, 145, 226–227, 230, 296
- grammatical usage 170–172
H
- Halliday & Matthiessen 146, 150–151, 155, 347–348, 356
- hasard/ hazard (French) 13, 14
- hedged performatives (HPs) 6–7, 174, 184, 186–216
- hedging
126–128, 133,
136, 194
- hedging function 125–126, 128–129
- Huddleston & Pullum 63, 141, 143, 181, 315, 317–318, 321, 327–328, 347, 352
- human animates 313, 320, 323–325
- hypallage320
I
- il convient (French) 254–255, 257
- illocutionary force
188, 337–339, 342, 344, 356,
362
- illocutionary acts 187, 193–4, 213, 325, 336
- implicit 4, 12, 20, 21–23, 25, 60, 78, 142–143, 148–151, 154, 158–160, 162, 221–222, 224–226, 273, 295–296, 299, 300, 312, 323–324, 351, 353, 357
- IMRD (Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion structure) 5, 117, 120, 126, 127, 132, 135
- inanimate 2, 9, 310, 314, 320–321, 323–325
- Indo-European 142–143, 147, 156–157, 159
- inference
57, 59–60, 67, 71, 74–83, 113, 163,
177, 300
- type of 77, 90
- inferential process 5, 59, 67, 74, 76–78, 82–83
- infinitival clause 294–308
- infinitives 19, 150–151, 157, 212, 295–296, 298–306
- integrative grammar 3, 6, 166–167
- interpersonal relations 28, 38–39, 43–44
- intersubjectivity 6, 48, 61, 75–76, 140, 152, 162, 163, 173, 175, 359
- Italian 3, 5, 87–116, 254–292
J
- judgement 2, 4, 52–54, 59, 71, 73–76, 78–83, 151, 174, 219, 227
K
- Keats 3, 9, 326–335
- knowledge
8, 54–55, 57, 59–60, 122–123, 131, 136, 144–148, 156, 167, 170,
228–229, 310
- evidence-based 5, 117, 119
- source of 55, 64–65
- kunne (Danish) 235–251
L
- Langacker 60–62, 74–75, 82, 328, 337
- Larreya 2, 12–27, 31, 41–42, 177, 179, 218, 225–226, 228, 242–243, 316–317, 319
- Latin 14, 142–155, 254–289, 296–305
- Liberal Democrats 9, 336, 338, 340, 347, 351, 362–364
- locative constituent 8, 310, 320
- logical relations 7, 17, 217–219, 222, 225–226, 231
M
- mais (French) 87–113
- medical leaflets 171, 181
- mediopassive 6, 140, 142–143, 158–159
- metalinguistic
40, 43, 156, 163
- metalinguistic functions 6, 140, 155
- metaphor, conceptual 330–333
- modal
- modal adverb 173, 178–179
- modal auxiliary 2, 9, 18–23, 33, 71, 141, 153–155, 163, 180–181, 203–4, 206–7, 211, 290, 310, 321, 323–324, 327–328, 331–332, 334, 336, 339, 342, 351–353, 356
- English modal auxiliary 2, 141, 166
- modal construction 2, 8, 253, 293
- modal domain 29, 46
- modal expression 6, 29, 85, 176, 184, 190, 203, 334, 354
- English modal expression 6, 166–167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185
- modal form 5, 62, 87–92, 94–95, 98–99, 103–4, 107–114, 163, 166–167, 169, 172–177
- modal past 28, 38, 40–43, 48
- modal preterite-presents 140–165
- modal state 153, 160–162
- modal verb 2–3, 6–7, 109, 122, 139–141, 151–152, 157, 161–162, 185–187, 189–190, 193–194, 203–5, 211, 235
- modalising use 4, 73
- periphrastic modals 342, 344, 356
- modality
2–4, 7–9, 11–12, 16–17, 50–51, 59–61, 83–85, 87, 116–117, 140–143, 149–151, 157–163, 235, 290–291, 323–324, 331–332, 336–337, 341–345, 347, 349, 351, 353,
355, 361
- core 153, 155
- dynamic 181, 316–317
- high 122–124
- implicative 2, 218, 228
- iterated 4, 28, 32–33, 38, 43, 48, 49
- layers of 22, 33
- low 122–124, 128
- nature of 6, 140, 163
- type of 323–324, 361
- weak 331–332
- weak degree of 4, 12, 25
- motivation 140, 150, 221, 223
- multimodal analysis 3, 122, 343
N
- necessity 2–17, 21–23, 25–41, 43–49, 87–89, 92, 112–114, 117–118, 125–126, 151–152, 161–162, 220–221, 227–229, 293–297, 299–300, 305–7, 336–337
- negation
4, 17, 20, 28–32, 37–38, 46–48, 95, 229–230
- adverbs of 9, 336, 339
- negative effect 131, 209–210
- non-finite forms 150, 160
- Nuyts 29, 56–58, 60–61, 74–76, 80, 85, 112, 118, 122, 173–174, 184
O
- object 111, 144–147, 150–152, 154, 157, 214, 313–314, 320, 347–348, 350, 360
- obligation 6, 28–29, 32, 40–41, 152, 155, 157, 175, 179–182, 227–228, 230–231, 293–296, 298–300, 306–7, 317
- Old English See English
- overlaps and interruptions337
P
- passive infinitives 296, 308
- perception
3, 5, 52–53–54, 64–66, 68, 71,
75–76, 81–83, 85, 144–147, 151, 161, 363
- perceptual data 54, 64, 67–68, 70–71, 73, 76, 78–80, 82
- perceptual evidence 67, 76, 129
- perceptual experience 79–82
- perceptive process147
- perché (Italian) 99, 100, 102, 274
- perfect-present verbs 142–143, 147–150, 155–156
- performative
118, 174–175, 179, 181, 191–192
- performative verbs 7, 186–188, 191, 193, 196, 198, 200–201, 206, 209–211, 213
- peut-être (French) 5, 44, 88–89, 91–92, 94–95, 97, 99, 108, 111, 114–115
- possibility
- ability 6, 8–9, 21, 66, 113, 124, 140, 148, 161, 175, 176, 310, 316, 318–319, 321, 324, 331, 336, 338, 342, 349, 351, 361
- capacity 6, 8, 29, 88, 140, 161, 310–311, 313, 316, 321, 323–324, 354
- circumstantial 8, 310, 318, 318–321, 324
- dynamic 8, 21, 175, 293, 299, 300, 304–5, 324
- enablement 326, 328, 330, 318
- external 318–319
- impossibility 2, 9, 30, 32, 34, 38, 48, 326, 332
- internal 310, 319, 321
- permission 6, 29, 32, 88, 113, 140, 160–161, 175–176, 223, 236, 238, 299, 310–312, 317, 321, 328–330, 342
- predicative relation 41, 45, 222, 230, 347–352
- predicatives, See predicative complement
- preterite
4, 12, 22, 142, 150,
155–156, 160–161, 163
- morphology 6, 140, 161, 163
- preverbation 8, 254, 276, 279, 285–286, 289
- purposive adjuncts / clauses 293, 295, 297, 300–307
Q
- quindi (Italian)99
R
- relative infinitives 8, 293, 295, 300–302, 304–8
- resultant state 6, 140, 142–146, 148, 156, 158–160
- root modality
2, 140, 153, 157, 161–163, 316–317
- root meanings 141, 162
S
- scientific communication 117–119
- scientific discourse 3, 5–6, 117–119, 124, 126, 132–135
- self-reference 36, 47
- semantic bleaching 20, 63, 210
- semantic core (SC) 99, 103, 110–112, 114–115, 175
- semantic evolution 141, 150, 295
- semiotisation 117–119, 134–135
- Senser 146–147, 151–152, 157
- sensory modality 79, 82
- should, MedPol 21, 32–33, 35, 37–39, 42–43, 47–48
- skulle (Danish) 235–251
- Slovak 3, 5, 87–116
- speaker
22–24, 38–39, 41–45, 57–62, 73–75, 78–83, 111–114, 147–149, 187, 208–210, 220–223, 230–232, 311–312, 316–321, 336–338, 340, 342–345, 347–349, 351–358, 360–362
- speaker evaluation 52, 58, 75
- speaker’s ability 9, 318, 336, 338, 342, 351, 361
- speaker’s attitude 2, 57–58, 64, 141, 219
- speaker’s commitment 58, 91, 110–113
- speaker’s evidence 56, 61
- speaker’s stance 3, 75, 219–220
- speech acts 26, 51, 184, 212, 233, 290, 338, 342–344
- spoken register 186, 189, 191, 194, 198–201, 203–7, 209
- subject 8–9, 29, 39–41, 43, 48, 72, 142–145, 148–154, 157–162, 295–297, 310–325, 328, 331, 338
- subjectification 5, 14–15, 52–53, 60–62, 65, 80–82, 84–85
- subjectivity
4, 52–53, 60–62, 65, 74–76, 78–79, 80, 84–85, 148, 162, 173–174, 235, 363
- degree of 65, 76, 78, 80
- subjective evaluation 76, 78
- subjective necessity 40–43
- subjective result 144–145
- subjective second-order result 145, 158
- subordinate clause 18–19, 25, 32, 33–35, 42, 72, 220, 227–228, 231, 350, 352, 359
- subordination 34, 257, 270
- surprise 12, 17–20, 23–25, 45–46
- synopses
- digital synopses 120–121, 128
- infographic synopses 5, 117, 120–121, 125–128, 133, 135
- Systemic Functional Grammar 5, 117, 122
T
- Talmy 81, 84–5, 326–330, 333–337, 339, 341–342, 346–347, 351, 353, 356, 364
- technological visuals 123, 130–132, 134
- teda (Slovak) 87–113
- temporal relations 218, 221–223, 225, 227, 231–232
- Traugott 61–62, 65, 74–76, 81, 210
- truth status 118, 122, 126, 133–134
- truth value 57, 65–66, 72, 119
V
- visuals 118, 120–121, 123–125, 128, 130, 134
W
- weak purposive clauses 293, 300–302, 307
