In:Normativity in Language and Linguistics
Edited by Aleksi Mäkilähde, Ville Leppänen and Esa Itkonen
[Studies in Language Companion Series 209] 2019
► pp. 269–272
Index
Published online: 4 December 2019
https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.209.index
https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.209.index
A
- abstract objectivismsee Saussure, Ferdinand de; Voloshinov, Valentin
- acceptabilitysee correctness, grammaticality
- active vs. passive understanding 156, 160, 162–164, 171
- agreement 5, 15, 75, 107, 116–117, 229–231, 250–251, 258
- Aktionsart alternations226
- analytic-synthetic distinctionsee necessary relations, necessary truth
- Ancient Greek 14–15, 191–192, 207, 216, 250–252
- Ancient Tamil216
- Apollonius Dyscolus 14–16, 107
- appropriatenesssee correctness
- autonomous linguistics 31, 82, 87, 185–187, 190, 194, 201, 217 ; see also, grammatical analysis
- axiom of normativity 9–10, 39–40
B
- Bakhtin, Mikhail 152–154, 164–165, 171
C
- case 15, 54–56, 116–117, 167, 196, 199, 225–226, 230–231, 250–252 ; see also agreement, government
- certainty 6, 34, 54, 86–88, 91, 140–141, 166–168, 196–198, 202, 207–208, 214, 227–229, 240, 248–249, 255
- Chomsky, Noam 12, 24, 32–33, 42–43, 157–158, 169, 214–215
- Classical Arabic216
- clear cases 15, 32–34, 140–141, 166–167, 196–198, 215–216, 220, 226, 240, 249, 253 ; see also certainty, intuition
- Cockney rhyming slang90
- Cognitive Linguistics 38, 41–46, 69–70, 73, 88, 126–137, 141, 143–145, 147, 217 ; see also construal, psychologism
- coherence/cohesion 143–146, 258
- common knowledge 2, 8, 85, 87–89, 95, 133–134, 141, 166, 177, 239, 242
- competence 33, 89, 91, 157–158, 169, 214, 253–254, 258
- Complex NP Constraint118
- conceptualization 41, 46, 129–132, 134–135, 137, 140–142, 144
- consciousness 8, 31, 33, 41, 55, 60, 62, 72–73, 76, 80, 83–85, 91, 96, 113, 129, 136, 155–156, 170, 214, 230
- construal 73, 126–127, 134–137, 139–147
- conventionality 1, 3, 8, 10, 17–18, 24, 72, 80, 91–94, 97, 126–127, 131–133, 137, 140–146, 165, 240
- corpora 32, 113, 196, 201, 213–222, 227–229, 231–232, 236, 247, 250, 253, 255, 259–260
- correctnesssee also certainty, intuition, meaning as use, norms, rules
- and avoiding mistakes 33–34
- and code-switching 108, 243–244, 248–249, 253, 258–259
- and coherence143
- and norm sentences 9–10
- and terminological variation 252–253, 256
- and variation/change 86, 195–199, 201–203, 206–209, 249
- as characteristic of normative domains 104, 122
- as known by intuition 8, 44, 91, 214–215, 253, 260
- as sanctioned by the speech community131
- in actions vs. natural phenomena 11–12, 63
- in comprehension and production109
- in games 260–261
- in phonology203
- in prescriptivism114
- in reasoning82
- in the history of linguistics 13–17, 175
- norms ofsee rules of correctness
- of construal 140–141, 146
- of mental states 35–36, 43, 105
- vs. congruence and appropriateness 89–91
- vs. incorrectness in linguistic description 194–195, 247, 251, 256, 259
- vs. possibility/probability 255–256, 258–259
- vs. rationality 2, 4, 9–10, 12, 29, 82, 183, 186, 190, 195, 202, 205, 238, 242, 244, 254, 258
- Coseriu, Eugenio 24, 44, 49, 71, 84, 88–95, 165, 188, 253
- creativity 88, 90–91, 94, 97–98, 157–158, 172, 175, 261
- customs 3, 23–24, 238, 242, 262
D
- deontic terms11
- derivation of sentences 118–119, 121
- DET-N rule 4–6, 105–107, 109, 113, 122–124
- diachrony 7, 9, 49–50, 60, 62, 94, 97, 158, 164, 170–171, 187–193, 202–203 ; see also correctness and variation/change, emergence/change of norms
- dialogism 152–154, 171–172, 177
- directivessee technical norms
- discourse 16, 24, 71, 83, 88–89, 127–128, 130, 133, 141–146, 153, 161–164, 169, 173, 177, 253
- dynamis 88, 91, 93
E
- empiricalness 11, 31, 45–46, 82, 104, 129, 190, 201–202, 232, 260–261 ; see also spatiotemporality
- energeia 88, 90–91, 93, 97, 99, 157–158
- English 4–6, 10, 12, 41–42, 44, 46, 81–82, 85–87, 90, 105–106, 108–109, 111–121, 123–124, 188, 190, 193–197, 203–204, 207, 214–216, 219, 227, 229, 238, 248–249
- entrenchment 131, 135, 141
- escape hatches 110, 120
- essentialismsee Platonism
- etiological analysis 16, 103, 106–107, 116–121
- experimentation 32, 82, 190, 207, 214, 229–232 ; see also empiricalness, observation
F
- falsification 9–12, 39–41, 105, 190, 194, 214, 240, 255–256
- Finnish 142–145, 167, 193, 196, 217–231, 248–249
- French 108, 216, 229
- functional explanation 9, 53–54, 187, 231, 258 ; see also rational explanation
- functionalism 60, 88, 187, 189–190, 192
- functions 53, 128–129, 135, 142, 156, 185, 192, 195–196, 241, 257–258
G
- games 3, 18, 24, 105–107, 114, 260–262
- generative linguistics 32–33, 42, 69–70, 112, 157–158, 189, 214–215, 246–247, 253, 258
- generative phenomenology 70–72, 79–80, 131, 137
- generativismsee generative linguistics
- German 10, 48, 193–194, 196, 203, 216
- goals 9, 34, 36, 44, 47–50, 55–58, 61, 187, 192, 237, 241, 257–258 ; see also functions, rational explanation, wants
- government 5, 15, 51, 199, 220, 251 ; see also, case
- grammatical analysis 6, 12–17, 32–33, 83, 87, 106–108, 111–113, 116–121, 123–124, 134, 161, 163, 165, 170, 173–174, 177, 186, 192–195, 201–202, 214–217, 219–220, 239, 243–253, 258–260
- grammaticality 10, 15–17, 32–33, 105–107, 109–114, 116–120, 131, 205, 214, 217, 236–237, 246–248, 250, 252–253, 256 ; see also correctness
- Grice’s Maxims 7, 82, 89–90, 98, 242, 257
H
- historical linguisticssee diachrony
I
- idealism 24, 73, 155 ; see also Platonism
- ill-formednesssee correctness, grammaticality
- incorrectnesssee correctness
- inflectional morphology 191–192, 222, 225–226, 230–231 ; see also case
- intentionality (as directedness) 73–74, 76–77, 80, 83–84, 91–92, 95–96, 98, 137–141
- intentions 43, 47, 137–141, 146 ; see also goals, wants
- intersubjectivity 8, 18, 43–44, 63, 73–74, 76–80, 85, 92–93, 96, 127–128, 133, 137–141, 143, 177, 204–205, 239
- introspectionsee intuition vs. introspection
- intuitionsee also certainty, correctness, etiological analysis, grammaticality
- about multilingual structures 248–254
- about necessary truths 37–38
- about rationality principles 259, 260–261
- and corporasee corpora
- and experimental methods 231–232
- and interviews190
- and variation 85–86, 195–196, 198, 207, 209, 240, 249, 253–254
- as a way of knowing norms 8, 82, 95–96, 166, 185, 207, 239–240, 242
- categorial 75, 83–84, 96
- eidetic 75, 84, 96
- in autonomous linguistics/grammatical analysis 32–34, 82, 113, 168, 185, 214–217, 219–220, 240, 249–250
- in logic 87–88, 255–256
- in semantics 131–132, 141
- in the history of linguistics 15, 216–217
- nature of 8, 83, 240
- object of 12, 84, 89, 91, 113, 239–240
- perceptual 74–75, 77
- primary vs. secondary 83–85
- vs. introspection 8, 41–42, 44–45, 113, 240
J
- Japanese216
- jumla vs. kalām 16–17 ; see also langue
L
- language acquisition/learning 39, 85, 114, 125–127, 131–132, 135–136, 139–141, 146, 156–157, 163, 189–191, 194, 208, 227, 249–250
- langue 17–18, 43, 72, 89, 151–152, 158–159, 163–169, 173–174, 176–177, 186
- Latin 189, 191, 193, 199, 202–203, 207, 216, 229, 250–252
- logicsee also necessary truth, rational explanation, reasoning
- alethic modal 255–256
- and belief 34–36
- and intuition 75, 87–88
- and semantics 37–39, 41
- compared to autonomous linguistics 31, 82, 87
- deontic 31, 255–256
- normativity of 40, 82, 91
- of action 47–48, 241–242
- rule ofsee rules of logic
M
- meaningsee also conceptualization, construal
- analysis of 37–45, 131–132, 135, 142–146, 161
- as use 36–37, 44, 62, 125, 132, 146
- change of 97, 156, 171, 203
- nature of 41–44, 46, 62, 79–80, 82, 92, 125–141, 146–147, 159–161, 170–173
- norms pertaining to 5, 10, 86, 111, 131–134, 167, 172, 193, 196, 198, 226, 238, 240, 251, 255
- usual vs. occasional 161, 171–172, 177
- vs. form 14, 188
- mentalismsee psychologism
- mimesis 92, 138–139
- morphological derivation 22, 118–119, 222–228
- multilingualismsee correctness and code-switching, intuition about multilingual structures
N
- necessary relations 34–35, 42, 47, 50, 52, 62
- necessary truth 37–40, 45–46
- necessary vs. sufficient conditions/conclusions 47, 51, 59–61
- normative filters 213–214, 217–218, 231
- normative statements 9, 13
- normativitysee correctness, norms, rationality principles, rules
- normativity of meaning23
- norm-formulations 9, 13, 32 ; see also rule sentence
- normssee also langue, customs, conventionality, meaning as use, rationality principles, rules
- and social philosophy 23–24
- and variation 85–88, 91, 166–168, 194–201, 208–209
- as defining a speech community 187, 199–200
- conflict of 200, 208, 261
- deviation from 6, 9–10, 12, 17, 33, 41, 44, 72, 80, 84, 89–90, 93, 96–98, 104–106, 110, 114, 132–133, 146, 172, 175–176, 194, 197–198, 226–227, 231, 250–251, 259, 261–262 ; see also etiological analysis
- emergence/change of 45, 97, 202–209, 254, 262
- epistemology of 8, 82–85, 87, 96, 166, 239, 260
- formalsee prescriptions
- general features of 2–12, 29–30, 62–63, 71–72, 81–82, 91–95, 97–98, 110, 128, 132–133, 140, 151, 166, 169, 172, 184, 202, 237–238
- in language vs. in logic87
- internalization of 30, 127–129, 131, 133–135, 138–139, 190–191, 194, 197–198, 200, 204, 208–209, 239, 242, 249–251, 254
- legal 3, 106–107, 239 ; see also prescriptions
- macro- 30–33
- meta- 5, 36–37
- moral 3, 23–24, 92, 262
- of attaining truth 33–34
- of correctnesssee rules of correctness
- of rationalitysee rationality principles
- of science/methodology 30–33
- of thinking 36–37, 89
- ontology of 8, 30, 85, 95, 98, 133, 166, 238–239
- reduction of 43, 45
- sedimentation of 80, 93–94, 97
- technical 3–4, 238, 242 ; see also rationality principles
- types of 3–4, 89–90, 93–94, 96–97, 239, 262
- universal75
- vs. regularities 11–12, 131–133, 205, 243, 260
- norm sentencesee rule sentence
O
- observation 8, 11–12, 32–33, 36, 73–74, 76–77, 79, 129, 139, 141, 170, 190, 199, 201, 203, 207, 239–240, 243, 259–261
- Optimality Theory 192–193
- optionalitysee variable rules
- Oscan191
- overloading 119–121
P
- Pāṇini 13–14, 173–174
- parolesee langue
- Patañjali 13–14
- performance 91, 169 ; see also competence
- physicalism 24, 63 ; see also psychologism
- Platonism 24, 75, 82, 98, 130
- pragmatics 9, 24, 50, 126, 141, 143–145, 191, 204, 244, 257 ; see also Grice’s Maxims
- prescriptions 3, 7, 9, 70, 81, 114, 121, 175, 184, 195, 238–239, 261
- private language argument 18, 63, 81, 238–239
- psychologism 24, 40–43, 46, 72, 75, 82, 87, 98, 155, 157 ; see also, conceptualization, construal, nature of meaning
Q
- questionnaire 32, 214, 221–229, 231–232
R
- rational explanation 9, 35–36, 44, 47–50, 53–60, 62, 183–184, 190–195, 197, 201, 205–207, 209, 241–243, 257–261
- rationality principles 4, 6–7, 9–10, 17, 29–32, 36, 56, 82, 93, 183, 190, 192–193, 202, 204–205, 238, 242–243, 253, 257–261
- reasoning 40, 57–61, 75, 82, 87, 241
- regularities 3, 11, 48, 78, 169, 203, 205–207, 243, 259 ; see also norms vs. regularities
- rules
- and explanation 9, 243, 250–251
- as constraints 106–109, 118, 120–121, 123–124, 237
- constitutive vs. regulative 3–4
- editing 205, 217
- emergence/change ofsee emergence/change of norms
- general features ofsee general features of norms
- ideal3
- of appropriateness93
- of combination 5, 193, 238, 250–251, 259
- of correctness 3–6, 8–14, 18, 29, 36, 42, 44, 81, 91, 94, 105–110, 122, 132, 151, 172, 175, 183, 185, 193, 202–203, 219–220, 222, 227, 237–240, 242, 244, 248, 260–261
- of correlation 5, 111, 113, 125, 172, 193, 203, 238, 250
- of gamessee games
- of geometry 79–80
- of language vs. of grammar 18, 32–33, 202, 252–253
- of logic 3, 58, 82, 88–89
- of theoretical grammar 14, 32, 119, 236, 243–247, 252, 256–259
- primary vs. secondary 4, 9
- system of vs. set of 177, 252
- variable 114–115, 197–198, 208
- vs. principlessee correctness vs. rationality
- vs. regularitiessee norms vs. regularities
- vs. their internalizationssee internalization of norms
- rule sentence 9–10, 81–83, 202, 239
S
- Sanskrit216
- Saussure, Ferdinand de 17–18, 72, 89, 98, 151–154, 157–160, 162–166, 168–169, 171–172, 175–177, 198 ; see also langue
- scrambling108
- S-curve206
- semanticssee meaning
- sense-perceptionsee observation
- Sībawayhi 16–17, 172
- social control 175, 198
- social institution 1, 17–18, 24, 72, 89, 173, 202, 239
- Spanish 189, 249
- spatiotemporality 8, 12, 14, 17, 30, 36, 47, 104, 128, 169, 185–186, 190, 196, 201, 203–205, 207, 209, 241, 261 ; see also empiricalness
- speech acts 7, 43, 156–158, 161, 163, 165, 169, 176, 242
- speech communities 10, 72, 85–86, 131, 133–134, 142, 167, 186–188, 196, 199–200, 202–209, 248, 254
- Sprachbund205
- statistical analysis/description 11, 48–54, 56, 199, 201, 205–207, 209, 214–215, 231, 256, 260–261
- structuralism 166, 173, 189
- Swedish123
- synchrony 6, 9, 152, 158–159, 165, 170–171, 174, 185–189
- syntactic theorysee grammatical analysis
T
- teleological explanationsee rational explanation
- teleology 17, 60, 204, 241
U
- uncertaintysee certainty
- ungrammaticalitysee grammaticality
V
- Voloshinov, Valentin 152–166, 168–173, 175–177
W
- wants 3, 7, 10, 12, 32, 34, 44, 47, 57, 60–61, 74, 82, 241–242 ; see also goals, intentions
- well-formednesssee correctness, grammaticality
- word order 5, 55, 84, 106–108, 118, 121, 123–124, 244–246
- written language
- analysis of 142–143, 188
- bias 154, 159–160, 172–174
