Cover not available

In:Morphological Variation: Theoretical and empirical perspectives
Edited by Antje Dammel and Oliver Schallert
[Studies in Language Companion Series 207] 2019
► pp. 159–196

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload Book PDF
authorization required

Thoughts on morphomes, on a Scandinavian background

 | University of Oslo
Published online: 27 June 2019
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.207.06eng
Since Aronoff (1994), the notion of morphomic patterns, i.e. inflectional patterns without complete motivation from outside of morphology, has gained popularity, especially in works on Romance (e.g. Maiden 2016a). However, the approach has also been criticized. Bowern (2015) suggests that there is very little evidence for autonomously morphological patterns arising. This paper presents a number of Scandinavian counter-examples to her claim. Bermúdez-Otero & Luís (2016) present a number of meta-theoretical objections against the notion of morphomic patterns. Arguments are presented to the effect that a number of these objections are less significant than they appear; some are even misguided.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Explicating the morphome
    • 2.1Outlining the morphome
    • 2.2Not useless after all: Intra-morphological meaning
    • 2.3Why emphasize morphomes?
  • 3.On some recent objections against morphomic patterns
    • 3.1The sociological argument
    • 3.2The Savognin argument and a preliminary conclusion
    • 3.3Stability and change: And clarification of a hypothesis
  • 4.Some examples from Scandinavian
    • 4.1A new inflection class in Norwegian, Swedish and Faroese
    • 4.2Trying to copy your new neighbor
    • 4.3Meat from shoulders in Meldal
    • 4.4Strengthening of inflection class in Swedish and in Østfold
      • 4.4.1Swedish
      • 4.4.2Østfold Norwegian: Trøgstad, Askim, Spydeberg
      • 4.4.3Theoretical implications of the TAS strengthening and the Meldal change
    • 4.5Neuters in transition
      • 4.5.1A new inflection class for neuters in East Norwegian
      • 4.5.2A new class of neuters in Swedish
      • 4.5.3Inflectional parsimony
    • 4.6Body part nouns
      • 4.6.1Ears and eyes
      • 4.6.2Teeth and hands
    • 4.7Summing up Section 4
  • 5.Some meta-objections and how to deal with them
    • 5.1On white and black swans
    • 5.2Learnability
    • 5.3“Taking morphology seriously”
      • 5.3.1Reducing the heat by pouring oil on the fire?
      • 5.3.2Is the alternative really so promising?
      • 5.3.3Morphomic patterns need not be the end-point of analysis
    • 5.4Form-form relations
    • 5.5What is autonomy?
  • 6.Concluding remarks
    • 6.1Independently morphological innovations
    • 6.2Some other lessons to take away
    • 6.3Envoi
  • Acknowledgments
  • Notes
  • References
References (123)
References
Ackerman, Farrell & Malouf, Robert. 2013. Morphological organization: The low conditional entropy conjecture. Language 89(3): 429–464. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Andersen, Henning. 2010. From morphologization to de-morphologization. In The Continuum Companion to Historical Linguistics, Silvia Luraghi & Vit Bubenik (eds), 117–146. London: Continuum.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Anderson, Stephen R. 1992. A-morphous Morphology [Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 62]. Cambridge: CUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2011. Stress-conditioned allomorphy in Surmiran (Rumantsch). In Morphological Autonomy, Martin Maiden, John Charles Smith, Maria Goldbach & Marc-Olivier Hinzelin (eds), 13–34. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2013. Stem alternations in Swiss Rumantsch. In The Boundaries of Pure Morphology: Diachronic and Synchronic Perspectives, Silvio Cruschina, Martin Maiden & John Charles Smith (eds), 8–23. Oxford: OUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2017. Words and paradigms. Transactions of the Philological Society 115(1): 1–13. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Aronoff, Mark. 1994. Morphology by Itself [Linguistic Inquiry Monograph 22]. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2012. Morphological stems: What William of Ockham really said. Word Structure 5(1): 28–51. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2014. Face the facts. In Foisonnements morphologiques: études en homage à Francoise Kerleroux, Florence Villoing & Sophie David (eds), 307–324. Paris: PUPO.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2016. Unnatural kinds. In The Morphome Debate, Ana R. Luís & Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero (eds), 11–32. Oxford: OUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Baerman, Matthew. 2015. Chapter 1: Introduction. In The Oxford Handbook of Inflection, Matthew Baerman (ed.), 1–11. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2016. Seri verb classes: Morphosyntactic motivation and morphological autonomy. Language 92(4): 792–823. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bates, Elizabeth & MacWhinney, Brian. 1989. Functionalism and the competition model. In The Crosslinguistic Study of Sentence Processing, Brian MacWhinney & Elizabeth Bates (eds), 3–76. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Beard, Robert. 1995. Lexeme-morpheme-base Morphology. Albany NY: SUNY Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Beito, Olav Toreson. 1954. Genusskifte i nynorsk (Gender Change in New Norwegian). Oslo: Jacob Dybwad.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bermúdez-Otero, Ricardo. 2013. The Spanish lexicon stores stems with theme vowels, not roots with inflectional class features. Probus 25(1): 3–103.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bermúdez-Otero, Ricardo & Luís, Ana. 2016. A view of the morphome debate. In The Morphome Debate, Ana Luís & Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero (eds), 309–340. Oxford: OUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Blevins, James P. 2003. Stems and paradigms. Language 79(2): 737–767. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2016. Word and Paradigm Morphology. Oxford: OUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Blevins, Juliette & Blevins, James P. 2009. Analogy: An introduction. In Analogy in Grammar: Form and Acquisition, Juliette Blevins & James P. Blevins (eds), 1–12. Oxford: OUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bonami, Olivier & Beniamine, Sarah. 2016. Joint predictiveness in inflectional paradigms. Word Structure 9(2): 156–182. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bowern, Claire. 2015. Diachrony. In The Oxford Handbook of Inflection, Matthew Baerman (ed.), 233–250. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bybee, Joan L. 2001. Phonology and Language Use [Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 94]. Cambridge: CUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bye, Patrik & Svenonius, Peter. 2012. Non-concatenative morphology as epiphenomenon. In The Morphology and Phonology of Exponence, Jochen Trommer (ed.), 427–495. Oxford: OUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carstairs, Andrew. 1987. Allomorphy in Inflexion. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. 1994. Inflection classes, Gender and the principle of contrast. Language 70(4): 737–788. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2001. Umlaut as signans and signatum: Synchronic and diachronic aspects. In Yearbook of Morphology 1999, Geert E. Booij & Jaap van Marle (eds), 1–23. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2002. How stems and affixes interact. In Morphology 2000 [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 218], Sabrina Bendjaballah, Wolfgang Ulrich Dressler, Oskar E. Pfeiffer & Maria D. Voeikova (eds), 49–57. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2005. Basic terminology. In Handbook of Word-Formation , Pavol Štekauer & Rochelle Lieber (eds), 5–25. Dordrecht: Springer. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2008. System-congruity and violable constraints in German weak declension. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 26(4): 775–793. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2010. The Evolution of Morphology. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Clark, Eve E. 1993. The Lexicon in Acquisition [Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 65]. Cambridge: CUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Croft, William. 1995. Autonomy and functionalist linguistics. Language 71(3): 490–532. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dabrowska, Ewa. 2004. Language, Mind and Brain. Edinburgh: EUP.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2006. Low-level schemas or general rules? Language Sciences 28(1): 120–135. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dahl, Östen. 2004. The Growth and Maintenance of Linguistic Complexity [Studies in Language Companion Series 71]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dammel, Antje. 2011. Konjugationsklassenwandel (Change in Verb Inflection Classes) [Studia Linguistica Germanica 103]. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Demske, Ulrike. 2008. Von morphomischen Stämmen und morphologischen Paradigmen (Of morphomic stems and morphological paradigms). In Studien zu Literatur, Sprache und Geschichte, Albrecht Greule, Hans-Walter Herrmann, Klaus Ridder & Andreas Schor (eds), 247–260. St. Ingbert: Röhrig Universitätsverlag.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dixon, Robert M. W. 2015. Edible Gender, Mother-in-Law Style and Other Grammatical Wonders. Oxford: OUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dressler, Wolfgang Ullrich. 2003. Naturalness and morphological change. In Handbook of Historical Linguistics, Brian D. Joseph & Richard Janda (eds), 461–472. Oxford: Blackwell. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Endresen, Rolf Theil. 1990. Vikværsk. In Den store dialektboka (The Big Dialect Book), Ernst Håkon Jahr (ed.), 89–99. Oslo: Novus.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Enger, Hans-Olav. 2009. The role of core and non-core semantic rules in gender assignment. Lingua 119(9): 1281–1299. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2011. Gender and contact: A natural morphology perspective on Scandinavian examples. In Linguistic Universals and Language Variation, Peter Siemund (ed.), 171–203. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2012. Fire kroppsdelssubstantiver og en sammensvergelse (Four body part nouns and a conspiracy). In Germansk filologi og norske ord: Festskrift til Harald Bjorvand, John Ole Askedal, Tom Schmidt & Rolf Theil (eds), 94–108. Oslo: Novus.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2014. Reinforcement in inflection classes. Word Structure 7(2): 153–181. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2015b. Formal asymmetries between the Romance synthetic future and conditional in the Occitan varieties of the western Languedoc. Transactions of the Philological Society 113(2): 249–270. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Evans, Nicholas & Levinson, Stephen C. 2009. The myth of language universals. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32: 429–448. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goldberg, Adele. 2006. Constructions at Work. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin. 2008. Parametric versus functional explanations of syntactic universals. In The Limits of Syntactic Variation [Linguistics Today 132], Theresa Biberauer (ed.), 75–107. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Haugen, Tor Arne. 2014. Adjectival predicators and approaches to complement realisation. Lingua 140: 83–99. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hock, Hans Henrich. 1991. Principles of Historical Linguistics, 2nd edn. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hoff, Ingeborg. 1946. Skjetvemålet (The Dialect of Skiptvet). Oslo: Jacob Dybwad.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1965. Bygdemålet i Heggen og Frøland (The Dialect of Heggen and Frøland). Askim. (No publisher given).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1968. Målet i Aurskog og Blaker (The Dialect of Aurskog and Blaker). Oslo. (No publisher given).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hudson, Richard A. 1996. Sociolinguistics, 2nd edn. Cambridge: CUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2010. An Introduction to Word Grammar. Cambridge: CUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jackendoff, Ray. 2002. Foundations of Language. Oxford: OUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Joseph, Brian D. 2011. A localistic approach to universals and variation. In Linguistic Universals and Language Variation, Peter Siemund (ed.), 404–424. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kågerman, Elisabeth. 1985. Plural av neutral på obetonat –e (Plural of neuters ending in unstressed –e) [Lundastudier i nordisk språkvetenskap A 36]. Malmö: Gleerup.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kristoffersen, Gjert. 1992. Kvantitet i norsk. Norsk Lingvistisk Tidsskrift 10: 187–208.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2000. The Phonology of Norwegian. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kürschner, Sebastian. 2008. Deklinationsklassenwandel (Change in Noun Inflection Classes) [Studia Linguistica Germanica 92]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2016. Die Interaktion von Deklinationsklasse und Genus in oberdeutschen Dialekten. In Formen und Funktionen, Andreas Bittner & Constanze Spieß (eds), 35–60. Berlin: De Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lakoff, George. 1987. Women, Fire and Dangerous Things. Chicago IL: Chicago University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Langacker, Ronald W. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Vol 1: Theoretical Prerequisites. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2008. Cognitive Grammar. Oxford: OUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Larsen, Amund B. 1907. Kristiania bymaal (The Urban Dialect of Kristiania). Kristiania [= Oslo]: Cammermeyer.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1917. “Nabo-opposition – knot.” (Neighbour opposition). Reprinted 1993 in Historisk språkvitenskap/Historical Linguistics, Ernst Håkon Jahr & Ove Lorentz (eds), 97–110. Oslo: Novus.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lass, Roger. 1984. Phonology. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Leiss, Elisabeth. 1997. Synkretismus und Natürlichkeit. Folia Linguistica XXXI (31): 133–160.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Loporcaro, Michele. 2013. Morphomes in Sardinian verb inflection. In The Boundaries of Pure Morphology: Diachronic and Synchronic Perspectives, Silvio Cruschina, Martin Maiden & John Charles Smith (eds), 137–160. Oxford: OUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Maiden, Martin. 1991. Interactive Morphonology: Metaphony in Italian. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1992. Irregularity as a determinant of morphological change. Journal of Linguistics 28(2): 285–312. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2001. What sort of thing is a derivational affix? In Yearbook of Morphology 1999, Geert Booij & Jaap van Marle (eds), 25–52. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2005. Morphological autonomy and diachrony. In Yearbook of Morphology 2004, Geert Booij & Jaap van Marle (eds), 137–175. Dordrecht: Springer. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2009. Where does heteroclisis come from? Evidence from Romanian dialects. Morphology 19(1): 59–86. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2011a. Allomorphy, autonomous morphology and phonological conditioning in the history of the Daco-Romance present and subjunctive. Transactions of the Philological Society 109(1): 59–91. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2011b. Morphomes and ‘stress-conditioned’ allomorphy in Romansh. In Morphological Autonomy, Martin Maiden, John Charles Smith, Maria Goldbach & Marc-Olivier Hinzelin (eds), 36–50. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2013b. ‘Semi-autonomous’ morphology. In The Boundaries of Pure Morphology: Diachronic and Synchronic Perspectives, Silvio Cruschina, Martin Maiden & John Charles Smith (eds), 24–45. Oxford: OUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2016a. Some lessons from history: Morphomes in diachrony. In The Morphome Debate, Ana R. Luís & Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero (eds), 33–63. Oxford: OUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2016b. Chapter 3: Morphomes. In The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages, Adam Ledgeway & Martin Maiden (eds), 708–722. Oxford: OUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2017. Romansh allomorphy (again!) In On Looking into Words (and Beyond): Structures, Relations, Analyses, Claire Bowern, Laurence Horn & Raffaella Zanuttini (eds), 169–188. Berlin: Language Science Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2018. The Romance Verb: Morphomic Structure and Diachrony. Oxford: OUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Matthews, Peter H. 1993. Grammatical Theory in the United States from Bloomfield to Chomsky [Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 67]. Cambridge: CUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2001. A Short History of Structural Linguistics. Cambridge: CUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mayerthaler, Willi. 1981. Morphologische Natürlichkeit. Wiesbaden: Athenaion.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Meul, Claire. 2013. The fate of the -ID(I)- morpheme in the Central Dolomitic Ladin varieties of Northern Italy. In The Boundaries of Pure Morphology: Diachronic and Synchronic Perspectives, Silvio Cruschina, Martin Maiden & John Charles Smith (eds), 68–95. Oxford: OUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mugdan, Joachim. 1986. Was ist eigentlich ein Morphem? [What is a morpheme, really?] Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 39(1): 29–42.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Newmeyer, Frederick J. 1983. Grammatical Theory. Chicago IL: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nielsen, Peter Juul. 2016. Functional Structure in Morphology and the Case of Nonfinite Verbs Theoretical Issues and the Description of the Danish Verb System. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nilsen, Marianne B. 2012. Sterke verb og semantiske fellestrekk (Strong Verbs and Semantic Common Features). MA thesis, University of Oslo.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nübling, Damaris. 2000. Prinzipien der Irregularisierung (Principles of Irregularisation) [Linguistische Arbeiten 415]. Tübingen: Niemeyer. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2008. Was tun mit Flexionsklassen? (What to do with inflection classes?) Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik LXXV(3): 282–331.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
O’Neill, Paul. 2013. The morphome and morphosyntactic/semantic features. In The Boundaries of Pure Morphology: Diachronic and Synchronic Perspectives, Silvio Cruschina, Martin Maiden & John Charles Smith (eds), 221–247. Oxford: OUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Odden, Oda R. 2013. Om bøyingsklassers liv som en følge av generelle kognitive prosesser (On the life of inflection classes in consequence of general cognitive processes). Student paper, University of Oslo.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Papazian, Eric. 2002. Flertall av intetkjønnsord i bokmål og østlandske dialekter – noen utviklingstendenser (Plural of neuters in Bokmål and East Norwegian dialects – some tendencies). In MONS 9. Utvalgte artikler fra Det niende møtet om norsk språk i Oslo 2001, Inger Moen, Hanne Gram Simonsen, Arne Torp & Kjell Ivar Vannebo (eds), 156–166. Oslo: Novus.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Paul, Hermann. 1880. Principien der Sprachgeschichte (Principles of Language History). Halle (Saale): Max Niemeyer.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pinker, Stephen. 1994. The Language Instinct. London: Penguin Books. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Plaster, Keith & Polinsky, Maria. 2007. Women are not dangerous things. Harvard Working Papers in Linguistics 12: 1–44.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Popper, Karl. 1972. The Logic of Scientific Discoveries. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ragnhildstveit, Silje. 2016. Genus og transfer når norsk er andrespråk (Gender and Transfer when Norwegian is L2). PhD dissertation, University of Bergen.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Round, Erich. 2016. Kayardild inflectional morphotactics is morphomic. In The Morphome Debate, Ricardo Bermudez-Otero & Ana R. Luis (eds), 228–247. Oxford: OUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Røyneland, Unn. 2009. Dialects in Norway: Catching up with the rest of Europe? International Journal of the Sociology of Language 196-197, 7–30.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sameien, Marianne B., Spilling, Eivor F. & Enger, Hans-Olav. 2018. Reorganising grammatical variation in Norwegian. In Reorganising Grammatical Variation [Studies in Language Companion Series 203], Antje Dammel, Mattias Eitelmann & Mirjam Schmuck (eds), 209–230. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sampson, Geoffrey. 2013. A counterexample to homonymy avoidance. Diachronica 30(4): 579–591. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sims, Andrea D. & Parker, Jeff. 2016. How inflection class systems work: On the informativity of implicational structure. Word Structure 9(2): 215–239. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sims-Williams, Helen. 2016. Analogical levelling and optimization: The treatment of pointless lexical allomorphy in Greek. Transactions of the Philological Society 114(3): 315–338. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Skjekkeland, Martin. 2005. Dialektar i Noreg: Tradisjon og fornying (Dialects in Norway: Tradition and renewal). Kristiansand: Høyskoleforlaget.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Smith, John Charles. 2011. Variable analyses of a verbal inflection in (mainly) Canadian French. In Morphological Autonomy: Perspectives from Romance Inflectional Morphology , Martin Maiden, John Charles Smith, Maria Goldbach & Marc-Olivier Hinzelin (eds), 311–326. Oxford: OUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2013. The morphome as a gradient phenomenon. In The Boundaries of Pure Morphology: Diachronic and Synchronic Perspectives, Silvio Cruschina, Martin Maiden & John Charles Smith (eds), 247–262. Oxford: OUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Spencer, Andrew & Zwicky, Arnold M. 1998. Introduction. In Handbook of Morphology, Andrew Spencer & Arnold M. Zwicky (eds), 1–10. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stump, Gregory T. 1993. On rules of referral. Language 69(3): 449–479. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2001. Inflectional Morphology: A Theory of Paradigm Structure [Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 93]. Cambridge: CUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2006. Heteroclisis and paradigm linkage. Language 82(2): 279–322. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tiersma, Pieter Meijes. 1982. Local and general markedness. Language 58(4): 832–849. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Vincent, Nigel. 2013. Compositionality and change in conditionals and counterfactuals. In The Boundaries of Pure Morphology: Diachronic and Synchronic Perspectives, Silvio Cruschina, Martin Maiden & John Charles Smith (eds), 116–136. Oxford: OUP. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wurzel, Wolfgang Ullrich. 1980. Ways of morphologizing phonological rules. In Historical Morphology, Jacek Fisiak (ed.), 443–463. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1984. Flexionsmorphologie und Natürlichkeit. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. (English translation 1989. Inflectional Morphology and Naturalness. Dordrecht: Kluwer).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1989. Von der Inadäquatheit einer Affixmorphologie (On the inadequacy of an affixal morphology). Linguistische Studien Series A 194: 277–298.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zingler, Tim. 2017. Evidence against the morpheme: The history of English phonaesthemes. Language Sciences 62: 76–90. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cited by (2)

Cited by two other publications

Round, Erich, Louise Esher & Sacha Beniamine
2025. The natural stability of autonomous morphology: how an attraction–repulsion dynamic emerges from paradigm cell filling. Morphology 35:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Enger, Hans-Olav
2023. Meta-morphomic patterns in North Germanic. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 46:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 3 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue