In:Reorganising Grammatical Variation: Diachronic studies in the retention, redistribution and refunctionalisation of linguistic variants
Edited by Antje Dammel, Matthias Eitelmann and Mirjam Schmuck
[Studies in Language Companion Series 203] 2018
► pp. 297–302
Index
Published online: 24 October 2018
https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.203.index
https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.203.index
A
- ablaut
- gradation218–219
- reorganisation3, 6, 10–11
- pattern X-o-o in German149–151
- schemas153–165, 233, 250
- refunctionalisation169–171
- absolute vs relative complexity180; see also complexity
- absolute frequency5, 17, 26, 31, 36, 40, 43–46, 48–51
- acquisitionsee language acquisition
- actional semantics8
- active7, 9, 175–177, 180, 184–204, 269–283, 285, 288–290, 293
- affixal inflection8, 58, 68, 135, 152, 209–210, 219–220, 224–226
- adjective
- comparison2, 8, 10, 209–210, 218–227
- meta-comparison8, 210, 221–224, 226
- inflection108
- comparison2, 8, 10, 209–210, 218–227
- adverbial adjective273, 284–286
- adverbialisation283–284, 291
- allomorphy2, 4, 10–11, 42, 57, 86, 115, 121, 125, 136–137, 152–154, 156, 169, 209–210, 212see also number marking
- semantic conditioning of50
- Ampezzan6, 135–137, 139
- analogy6–7, 20–21,23, 25, 32, 34–36, 46, 48–50, 70, 72–73, 76, 86, 119, 123, 127, 142–143, 149–151, 156–157, 160–167, 169, 241
- analogical adaptation10, 164
- analogical extension7, 28, 32, 72, 114, 149, 151, 160–163, 165
- analogical levelling18–19, 28, 35, 51
- analyticity2, 6, 8, 10, 12, 109, 219–220, 222–225; see also periphrasis
- Anderson, Deborah L.279–280
- Andersson, Erik219
- Anderwald, Lieselotte215
- animacy1, 4, 6, 126–127, 129–133, 191, 194, 252–253, 280–281
- anticausative7, 10, 175–177, 179–180, 184–189, 190–201, 197, 202–204
- apocope5, 19, 25, 42, 57, 62–64, 67, 71–78, 102–105, 109
- arhizotonic142, 147
- Aronoff, Mark120, 212, 226
- assimilation5, 59, 62, 71, 73–74, 78, 83, 86
- autonomous morphology8, 226
B
- Baayen, Harald R.210, 218
- Bembo, Pietro129, 132
- Bittner, Andreas149, 153–155, 163
- biuniquenesssee one function-one form
- Bjerkan, Kirsten Meyer212
- Blumenthal-Dramé, Alice232
- Boccaccio129–130, 141
- Booij, Geert E.88–90, 233
- bottom-up4, 12
- Brazilian Portuguese135, 138–139
- Burzio, Luigi272
- Bybee, Joan L.2–4, 23, 80, 84–85, 157–158, 162–163, 168, 232–233
C
- Callies, Marcus280
- canonical approach121–125, 152
- canonical paradigm123
- Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew4, 119, 221
- category frequency3, 6–7, 10, 49, 82, 86, 150
- causative7, 184–189, 199, 202–204, 216–217
- cell-mate10, 121–122, 124–125, 127, 133–135, 138, 140–143, 221; see also canonical approach
- change of location verb8, 236, 241, 252, 263
- change of state verb190–191, 197–199
- Chomsky, Noam A.212, 272, 279–280
- Clark, Eve8, 209
- collocation112
- comparing diachronies13
- comparisonsee adjective comparison
- competition2, 6, 104, 109, 111, 119, 122–123, 125, 127–128, 134–135, 139, 142–145, 185, 257, 269, 282; see also form competition, rule competition
- complexity1, 5–7, 10, 33, 46–47, 78, 175–185, 194–199, 201, 204 see also absolute vs relative complexity, external vs internal complexity
- cognitive3, 224–225
- in number marking24, 57, 78
- split7, 175, 177, 180–182, 194, 204
- complexification178–179
- Comrie, Bernard252
- concatenative morphology12
- conjugation140, 142–143, 147, 149–171, 209–219, 212, 214–217, 222, 226–227
- conserving effect5, 7, 42, 84, 241, 159
- conspiracy of form and function270, 273, 281–282
- construction9, 224–225, 231–232, 240–241, 246–247, 252, 261, 271; see also tough-construction, perfect-construction
- constructional iconicity59, 78
- constructionalisation9, 233, 240
- control adjective276, 279, 281
- Corbett, Greville24, 82, 121, 123–124, 152
- corpus12–13, 26, 32, 72, 80–82, 95–98, 121, 132, 146, 158–159, 183, 194–195, 200–201, 223–225, 237, 242–244, 251–252, 270, 273, 282–283
- Cortina d’Ampezzo135–136
- Croft, William11, 232, 282
- cue validity65, 84, 86, 162, 165
D
- Dahlstedt, Karl-Hampus216
- Dammel, Antje2–3, 18–19, 23–24, 150–152, 154–156, 158, 169–170, 215, 217, 226
- Danish25, 47, 64, 218, 280
- De Vogelaer, Gunther1
- declension class5–6, 17–19, 21–22, 25, 27–28, 34, 72, 135–138, 284; see also mixed inflection, gender, number marking, phonological shape, semantics, subtraction, token frequency
- degemination71, 74, 86
- demonstrative pronoun6, 125–134
- Demske-Neumann, Ulrike270, 273, 283–285, 288, 291–293
- deontic modality9, 269–270, 283, 285, 289, 291–293
- Di Sciullo, Anna Maria177, 180–182, 194
- diachrony2, 5, 7, 11–12, 29, 57, 65, 122, 134, 175, 180, 182–185, 191, 214
- dialect5–6, 12, 19–25, 28–29, 43, 51
- mixture179
- of German5, 57–86, 93–96, 98, 101, 105, 109–110, 115, 217
- of Italian135–136
- of Norwegian217
- of Swedish228
- dialectal variation12, 64, 93, 96, 116
- Diessel, Holger23, 45, 48, 232
- dispositional modality9, 269, 285, 292
- Dolomitic Ladin135, 137
- Dressler, Wolfgang U.5, 58–59, 61, 71, 76–78
- durative216–217
E
- economy78, 177–176, 179; see also Morphological Economy Theory
- Eitelmann, Matthias1
- Enger, Hans-Olav2–3, 8, 10, 12, 18, 70, 212–216
- English2–4, 8–9, 11, 18–29, 31–35, 38, 40–43, 47–55, 57, 87, 106, 108–109, 119, 152, 163, 165, 167, 176, 200, 210, 214, 216–218, 220, 224–229, 231, 237, 241, 244, 249, 263, 270–271, 273, 276, 278–279, 282–285, 288–290, 293–296; see also Old English
- entrenchment5, 31, 48–49, 106, 108–109, 231–234, 237, 240–241, 243, 246–251; see also type vs token entrenchment
- entropy10, 217
- Esher, Louise227
- etymology18, 139, 188, 219–220
- exaptation12
- expressive past tense216, 222
- external (E-) vs. internal (I-) complexity7, 175, 179–185, 194–198, 201, 204
- extra-morphological motivation8, 215, 218
F
- Faarlund, Jan Terje218–219, 223
- Fanego, Teresa1
- Fertig, David49, 214
- Fischer, Olga269–272, 275–281, 284, 289–290
- Fleischer, Jürg11, 13
- Florentine129–131, 134
- form competition6, 119, 122–123, 125, 143
- framing principle6, 93, 108–109, 111, 115
- frequencysee also absolute frequency, category frequency, lexical frequency, relative frequency, token frequency, type frequency
- class80–82, 244
- effect5, 9, 26, 51, 157
- of occurrence / use4–6, 10, 21, 23, 32, 36, 38, 44–45, 50, 67, 80, 86, 110, 119, 121–124, 157,160, 180–184, 191, 194–195, 200–201,232, 281, 287–288
- Frisian4, 17–29, 31–40, 42–51, 55, 76, 83; see also Old Frisian
- functional equivalence269, 275, 281
- functional specialisation2, 270, 275, 281
G
- gender2, 6, 10, 18, 24–25, 28, 93, 104–113, 115, 126, 137, 179, 213
- Genoese128
- German3, 5–6, 8–12, 24–25, 27, 29–30, 93–99, 101–117, 119–120, 149–154, 157–160, 162, 165, 170–171, 215, 217, 223, 231–235, 237–244, 246–247, 250–251, 262–266, 280, 290; see also dialect of German, New High German, Old High German, Old Saxon
- Germanic2–4, 10–11, 17–21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 32, 38, 47, 70, 72–73, 76, 104, 108, 149–150, 162, 168–169, 171, 210, 212, 215–216, 218, 224, 226–227, 237–239, 241
- Goldberg, Adele232–233
- Golston, Chris5, 58–59, 79
- grammatical variation
- determinants of10
- long-term2–3, 9, 269–270, 293
- persistence of67, 82–83, 119, 122–123, 139–143, 279
- grammaticalisation3, 127, 162, 224, 231, 233–234, 237, 240, 242, 271
- Greek4, 7, 10–11, 94, 175–177, 179–180, 183–188, 190–191, 193–207
H
- Haas, Walter58, 64–66, 68, 71, 77–79
- Hagen, Jon Erik212
- Haiman, John179
- Hansen, Erik218–219
- Haugen, Tor Arne220–221
- Hellberg, Staffan219
- Heltoft, Lars218–219
- Haspelmath, Martin3, 32, 48
- Hilpert, Martin224–225, 232–233
- Hopper, Paul J.3, 23, 157, 224, 235, 251
I
- iconicity59, 78, 152, 154, 172, 179, 282
- identitative pronoun6, 125–134
- i-mutation19, 23–24, 28, 33–35, 42, 48, 51 ; see also umlaut
- incorporation110, 255–256, 259
- individuation231, 251–252, 258–261
- infinitive9, 217, 224; see also to-infinitive, tough-construction, tough-infinitive
- inflection see affixal inflection, allomorphy, number marking
- inflection class6, 18, 25, 114, 135, 138, 210–213, 215, 217, 218–219, 233
- see also declension class, conjugation
- inflectional paradigm6, 121, 123–124, 152; see also canonical approach, overabundance
- inflectional parsimony221
- inflectional variation119–120, 139
- inter-speaker vs intra-speaker variation13
- intransitivity8, 176, 187–188, 194, 204, 213, 215–216, 231, 235, 240–243, 245–247, 252, 256–257, 260, 262–264
- introspection12, 223–224
- irregularisation5, 10, 23, 27, 48–49, 157, 158
- Italian6, 96, 119, 121–129, 131–132, 134, 136, 140–141, 231, 236–237, 242, 246, 263
- iterative212–213, 217
J
- junk12, 125
K
- Karlsson, Fred177, 217
- Koine Greek175–176, 179, 184–188, 191, 196
- Kroch, Anthony3, 120, 280, 282
- Krug, Manfred3
- Kürschner, Sebastian18–19, 23–24
L
- Langacker, Ronald W.128, 232
- language acquisition6, 8, 11, 49, 113, 134, 270, 279, 281
- language change1–2, 10, 13, 57, 115, 125, 136, 178–180, 184, 232, 282
- model of4, 11
- dead end of6, 11
- gradualness of11
- principle of small steps in11
- language exclave76
- language processing1, 3–5, 7, 11–12, 17, 38, 48–49, 178, 181–182, 184, 194, 282
- language typology93, 122
- Lass, Roger12, 57, 125
- Lie, Svein219, 223
- layering12, 224
- lemma frequencysee lexical frequency
- lexeme119–124, 143
- lexeme specific variation5, 51, 65–67, 81, 224, 247 ; see also token frequency
- lexical frequency2–3, 6, 10, 44, 81, 83, 113, 149–150, 152, 158, 161, 166, 169, 171–172
- Lieven, Elena V.232
- Lightfoot, David11, 179–180, 272
- local markedness5, 10, 32, 79, 83; see also relative frequency
- logistic regression29–31, 35–37, 39–42, 44–45
- Logudorese128
- Los, Bettelou270–271
- Lötschental217
M
- Maiden, Martin136, 214
- Manzoni, Alessandro132
- Martín, Fermín210, 218
- Mayerthaler, Willi58, 78–79, 152
- manner of motion verb8–9, 231, 234, 236–237, 242–251, 254–264
- markedness reversal78–79
- mediopassive3, 7, 175–176, 184, 186
- meta-comparison see adjective comparison
- metachronic119, 123, 143
- Miller, Gary D.271, 283, 289–290
- mixed inflection93–94, 96, 98–112, 114–116
- modality9, 269–270, 283–285, 289, 291–293see also deontic modality, dispositional modality
- clash9, 284, 293
- modulative12, 169
- momentaneous verb8, 212–217, 226
- Mondorf, Britta1, 3, 224–225
- Morphological Economy Theory157
- morphome8, 12, 212, 226–228
- morphosyntactic marking269, 281–282
- motivation2, 6, 23, 71, 84, 103, 108, 110, 114, 125, 136, 209–210, 212, 217, 224, 226–227, 252, 258, 282; see also extra-morphological motivation, tendential motivation
- multivariate analysis4, 17, 19, 29
- mutationsee i-mutation, umlaut
N
- Natural Morphology78–79, 110, 149, 152, 218
- naturalness conflict78
- network model5, 80
- New High German9, 70, 94, 98–99, 102, 104, 107–109, 115, 149–151, 154, 233, 242
- Newmeyer, Frederick J.178, 218, 282
- Nicolay, Nathalie212
- Nilsen, Marianne Brodahl212–214, 218
- Nordberg, Bengt219
- Norde, Muriel11–12
- North Sea Germanic4, 10, 17, 19–20, 23
- Norwegian8, 10, 47, 72, 209–212, 214–216, 218–220, 223–229
- Nowak, Jessica3, 6–7, 10–11, 149–151, 153–155, 157–164, 168, 170
- Nübling, Damaris5, 18–19, 23, 63, 65, 68, 70–71, 76, 78, 85, 107, 150, 153, 157–158, 169
- number258–259
- marking5–6, 18, 20, 23–24, 28, 33–36, 40–42, 49, 57–58, 66, 71, 78, 103–104, 109–110, 114–115, 136, 179 see also subtraction, salience
- strengthening of75, 78, 85, 98, 105, 108–112, 114–115
- in verbs150, 156, 169
- marking5–6, 18, 20, 23–24, 28, 33–36, 40–42, 49, 57–58, 66, 71, 78, 103–104, 109–110, 114–115, 136, 179 see also subtraction, salience
O
- Old English18, 20–22, 25–26, 32–35, 38, 40, 42, 50, 270, 288–289, 293–295
- Old Frisian20–22, 25–29, 31–36, 38, 42–43, 50
- Old High German8, 70, 108, 150, 217, 231–232, 234, 237–241, 262–264
- Old Saxon8, 21, 232, 234, 237, 240–241, 262
- one function-one form7, 9, 11, 120, 175, 179
- Optimality Theory79
- overabundance6, 10, 119, 121–125, 134–135, 138–139, 141, 143; see also canonical approach
P
- parsing282, 293 see also language processing
- ease282, 293
- passive9, 11, 175, 176, 180, 184–185, 187, 190, 195, 197–198, 269–293
- passive morphology198, 272
- patient196–197, 235, 251–255, 262, 264
- patienthood231, 251–252, 258–262, 264
- Paul, Hermann11, 19, 72–74, 95, 102, 104–105, 242
- Pérez-Guerra, Javier1
- perfect3, 7–12, 149, 154–155, 165, 176, 209, 231–232, 234, 236–242, 244, 247, 259, 262–263
- auxiliary3, 8, 10, 231–232, 234–237, 240–244, 246–248, 251, 253–257, 259, 261–267
- Auxiliary Selection Hierarchy234, 236–237, 241, 263
- periphrasis3, 162, 209–210, 219, 222, 224–226; see also analyticity
- personal pronouns6, 108, 122, 126–127, 131
- phonological prototypicality6
- phonological shape6, 10, 28, 39, 93–94, 96–102, 104–106, 110, 114, 162–163, 211, 219, 225
- phonological similarity7, 162–163, 215
- Pinker, Steven218, 272
- plural markingsee number marking
- prescriptivism7, 11–13, 126, 175, 177, 183–184, 190–191, 197–202
- preterite2–3, 6–7, 25, 48, 149–150, 152–155, 157–158, 163–164, 166, 169–170, 226, 233, 263
- Principle of Contrast8, 209
- probabilistic generalisation8, 10; see also tendential motivation
- processingsee language processing
- productivity5, 9, 17–24, 28–29, 33–34, 36, 40, 50, 59–60, 68, 70, 80, 83–84, 86, 94, 107–109, 112, 149–150, 160, 162, 165, 214–215, 222, 233–234, 237, 241, 243–244, 247–251, 263
- pronoun see personal pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, identitative pronoun
- prototypicality6, 100
- psych-verb176
Q
- Quirk, Randolph216
R
- Ramscar, Michael218
- reanalysis5, 70, 72, 86, 178, 271–272, 282–288, 291
- redundancy1, 176, 178–179
- register11, 126, 131, 184, 188, 195
- regularisation28, 51, 149, 152, 154–155, 161, 164, 166, 169, 171
- Reitan, Jørgen216
- relative complexity180
- relative frequency5, 10, 17, 26, 29, 32, 34–36, 38–40, 45–46, 48–51, 79, 82, 191; see also local markedness
- relevance4, 10, 23, 48–49, 85, 168, 220, 250
- reorganisation1–13, 18, 24, 29, 34, 36, 57, 149–150, 171, 175–177, 182–183, 185, 187–188, 204, 231–232, 234, 243, 251
- notion of3–4, 9
- types of11
- phasesof 12, 213
- rhizotonic142, 147
- Rissanen, Matti53, 275
- Rohdenburg, Günter1, 4
- Romance4, 119, 125, 127–128, 135–136, 140–146, 277–278, 281
- rule competition6, 119, 122–123, 135, 139, 142–143
- Ruoff, Arno65, 80–83
S
- Sahlquist, Åsa217
- salience4–5, 10, 17, 24, 32–36, 38–43, 47–49, 51, 134
- schema5, 7–9, 80, 84, 86, 163–169, 231, 232–234, 240, 248, 250–251, 263
- schematisation9, 250
- Schmid, Hans-Jörg232
- Schmuck, Mirjam3, 150, 154–155, 158
- Scots17, 21–23, 26, 31, 33, 40–43, 55
- Seiler, Guido1, 4, 11, 71, 77, 85
- semantics1, 5, 8, 10, 17–18, 24, 26, 30, 33, 36–40, 43–44, 48–51, 209–210, 212, 214–218, 226–227, 231, 234, 243; see also allomorphy, manner of motion verb
- Sicilian129
- Siemund, Peter218
- Simon, Horst2, 12–13, 217
- simplification3, 32, 150, 154, 178–179
- Sorace, Antonella234–237, 241, 263
- sound shapesee phonological shape
- speech community121–122, 125, 178
- Spilling, Elvor8, 10, 12, 220–223, 225
- strong verb3, 6, 8, 10, 25, 48, 149–171, 209–218, 222, 226, 233
- structuralist77, 224
- subject (logical and structural)276, 280–282, 292
- subtraction (in number marking)5, 11, 57–89
- suppletion19, 22–24, 32, 57, 59, 80, 123–125, 154
- Swedish3, 47, 216–219, 224–225, 231
- synonymy8, 122, 124, 127, 209, 224, 226
- syntheticity2, 8, 10, 12, 219–221, 223–225, 263; see also analyticity
T
- Teleman, Ulf219
- telicity8, 231–232, 234, 236–237, 242–243, 246–248, 250, 263
- telic verb236–237, 240–242, 245–246, 248–249, 262
- temporary regularities11
- tendential motivation210, 218
- theoretical frameworks4, 17, 79, 218
- Thompson, Sandra195, 235, 251
- Thornton, Anna Maria6, 119, 121–122, 124, 134, 140, 152, 221
- Tiersma, Peter M.5, 10, 23, 32, 79, 83
- to-infinitive270–271, 288–289
- Tobin, Yishai216
- token frequency5, 7, 10, 21, 23, 26, 31, 36, 45, 59, 80–84, 139, 157, 158–161, 171, 232–234, 241, 243–244, 246–247, 249, 251, 263
- Tomasello, Michael232–233
- tough-
- construction9, 271, 274, 276–277, 279–281, 292–293
- adjective273, 276–279, 281, 283–287, 291–292
- infinitive269, 272, 274–275, 282
- movement reading276, 281
- transitivity8–9, 175, 184–185, 187–188, 191, 193–194, 196, 199, 202–204, 213, 215–216, 231, 234–235, 240–241, 245, 251–252, 258, 261–265, 272
- transparency92, 171, 178–179, 233, 269, 276, 282, 293
- Traugott, Elisabeth Closs224, 240
- Trosborg, Anna280–281
- Trousdale, Graeme240
- Tsimpli, Ianthi-Maria176, 184, 191–195
- type entrenchment vs token entrenchment8, 232–233, 243, 247–250, 263
- type frequency5–7, 17, 57, 65, 80–81, 84, 86, 139, 156, 159, 162, 165, 172, 232–234, 250–251
U
- umlaut61, 67, 71, 103, 108–109, 157,; see also i-mutation
- unaccusative7, 184–187, 194–195
- uniformity153
- univocity124
- usage-based approach4, 8, 11, 57, 59, 157, 231–233, 237, 263–264; see also language change
V
- van der Gaaf, Willem269, 276, 281, 289
- van der Wurff, Wim269, 271–272, 282
- van Gelderen, Elly13, 178, 199–200, 271
- Vannebo, Kjell218–219, 223
- variant5, 8–12, 64, 98, 107, 122, 201, 209–210, 217, 224, 226–227, 269–276, 281–282, 287, 293
- choice of1, 209, 224
- in division of labour2–4, 8, 11–12, 209–210, 222, 224
- step-by-step retraction of11
- variationsee also dialectal variation, inflectional variation, inter-speaker vs intra speaker variation, lexeme-specific variation
- rise of12
- time stability of10
- Venås, Kjell212, 214–215
- Vendler, Zeno212
- verb conjugationsee conjugation
- verb2–3, 7–10, 58, 200–202; see also anticausative, conjugation, change of location verb, change of state verb, intransitivity, manner of motion verb, momentaneous verb, psych-verb, telicity, strong verb, transitivity, weak verb
- Vincent, Nigel123, 127–128, 226
- Visser, Fredericus Theodorus287, 289–290
- voice7, 11, 175–177, 179–180, 182–185, 187–188, 190–202, 204, 281
- voice transparency269, 276, 282, 293
W
- weak verb6, 8, 10, 25, 149–171, 209–218, 222, 226, 233; see also strong verb, conjugation
- Wiese, Richard2, 5, 57–59, 79, 217
- word-and-paradigm120
- Wurzel, Wolfgang U.2, 58–59, 68, 78–79, 107, 162–163, 217–218
Y
- Yip, Virginia280
Z
- zero marking23–24, 30, 35, 57–59, 64, 66, 68–69, 72, 76, 79, 86, 136
