In:Focus Realization in Romance and Beyond
Edited by Marco García García and Melanie Uth
[Studies in Language Companion Series 201] 2018
► pp. 387–391
Index
Published online: 28 November 2018
https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.201.index
https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.201.index
A
- acceptability
19–20, 24, 74, 99–102
- gradient100
- judgments 19–20, 73–75, 95, 99–102, 110–111, 115–116, 118, 120–123, 128
- scores 115, 118–119, 122
- additive particles 1, 315, 318–319, 321, 324–327, 329, 335–336, 340, 343, 346, 348, 351–352, 355
- adverbs
259, 263, 270, 273, 278, 280–281, 321, 331, 333
- contrastive336
- local331
- temporal 331, 333, 335
- alignment
35–37, 63, 121, 134, 164, 185, 191, 196–197
- early 139, 186, 195
- alternatives
- given245
- propositional250
- Alternative Semantics 103, 241, 244, 360
- American Spanish 13, 17–18, 112, 239
- AMPER 150, 166
- Andean Spanish 34, 106, 362
- Argentinean Spanish 10, 34, 112, 237
- assertions 103, 150, 204, 207–209, 211, 215, 244–245, 257, 313–315, 325, 330, 348, 350, 354
- Asturian Spanish67
- at-issue meanings 22, 205, 214, 216–217, 221
B
- Basque Spanish 16–17, 20, 38, 41, 44–46, 48–55, 57, 59–60, 63–64
- bilingualism 287, 355, 358, 367, 380–381, 382
- boundary tones
17, 41, 44–45, 48, 50, 52–53, 61, 89, 132, 141–142, 145, 148, 156, 161, 170
- complex 18, 132, 137, 143, 147–149, 160–161, 165–166
- Buenos Aires Spanish 17–19
C
- Canarian Spanish 16, 20, 34, 41, 43–46, 49, 52, 54–56, 58, 60–64, 237, 239
- Caracas Spanish15
- Caribbean Spanish 14, 62, 240
- Castilian Spanish 8–9, 16–19, 37, 41, 44–45, 47, 49, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62–64, 206, 212, 225
- Catalan 62, 112, 123–124, 142, 206, 215, 227, 370
- CCSee cleft constructions
- CEMSee Cumulative Enhancement Model
- Central Mexican SpanishSee Mexican Spanish
- CGSee Common Ground
- child discourse 313, 317, 322, 341–343, 354
- child language 323, 351, 353, 355
- circumflex contour 18–19, 62, 86, 158
- cleft constructions (CC)
14, 16–17, 19, 22–23, 35, 238–242, 251–253, 256–258, 264–265, 269–273, 276–285, 287–289, 291–293, 295–302, 305–308
See also pseudo-cleft constructions
- adverbial 23, 275, 267–268, 271–281, 281, 283
- contrastive227
- indirect object269
- informative presupposition 23, 257, 276, 278, 281, 295, 298
- initial-copula240
- it- 20, 35–36, 41–43, 48–50, 52, 54–55, 60–64, 260, 276, 279, 299, 304, 306–308
- only-283
- temporal 256, 298
- since-271
- subject 22, 256–257, 268–269, 277, 279, 281
- wh- 240, 308
- clitics
60, 174–176, 179, 196, 261, 321, 364
- object 371, 373–374, 376
- pronoun 104, 342, 362–363
- CMSSee Central Mexican Spanish
- cognitive development
322, 351
- age-related317
- Colombian Spanish252
- Common Ground (CG) 11, 204–205, 214, 216, 219, 224, 226
- constituent frontingSee fronting
- constituent orderSee word order
- constraints
164–165, 288, 353, 378–380
- faithfulness167
- hard316
- markedness165
- overlapping378
- stochastic146
- verb-fronting15
- contrast
157–160, 173–187, 190–192, 194–199, 233, 242, 265, 279–280, 283–284, 320–322, 325–327, 329–330, 334–338, 343–347, 349–350
- epistemic211
- explicit342
- contrast and focus 21, 173, 179–180, 183, 188–189, 192–193, 195–196
- contrastive topicSee topic, contrastive
- copula constructions 14, 35, 42, 204, 235, 239–240, 242, 255, 267, 271, 288
- copula verb 238, 292, 296, 300, 302
- CTSee contrastive topic
- Cumulative-Enhancement Model (CEM) 358, 376, 380
D
- DCTSee discourse completion tasks
- deaccentuation, post-focal 35, 361–362
- declination361
- deontic modality
213–214, 204, 212, 214, 219
- presupposed 216, 222
- determiner phrase (DP) 60, 182, 238, 357, 364, 371
- diatopic variation 1, 10, 44, 13–15, 18–19, 36, 55, 63–64, 183, 208, 237
- Differential Object Marking368
- discourse cohesion 279, 314, 322, 336
- discourse completion tasks (DCT) 21, 134–135, 139–140, 146, 149–150, 165
- dislocations
41, 104, 316, 321, 330–331, 340, 354
- left 35, 94, 104, 174, 176, 179, 196, 329–330, 347, 364
- right 329–330, 342
- downgrading181
- downstep 50, 89, 91, 94
- DPSee determiner phrase
- duration
81, 135, 142–143, 145, 150–153, 173, 185, 191–192, 194–198, 237
- syllable 134, 141, 175, 194
E
- early peaks 79, 139, 145, 171, 206
- ECSee Effort Code
- edge
86, 89, 94, 361, 379
- left 86, 89, 94, 174, 178, 361
- right edge 36, 44–45, 60, 63, 182, 186, 191–192, 196, 361, 379
- edge language94
- Effort Code (EC) 132, 142–143, 163, 206
- elicitation experiment
6, 8, 19, 73, 75, 80, 95, 149, 324
- picture-based 4, 6, 8, 37, 227
- ellipsis 232, 236, 331, 334
- emergence 132, 349, 351, 354
- emotion 132, 217, 226, 247, 279–280
- emphatic accent 4, 50, 107–108, 231, 233, 237, 248, 251
- English 7–9, 22–23, 62, 178–179, 255–259, 263–279, 281–285, 287–291, 293, 297, 301–309, 355, 358–360
- EPSee European Portuguese
- epistemicity 37, 209, 213, 217, 219, 220, 226, 385
- European PortugueseSee Portuguese
- European Spanish 10, 14–19, 33, 38, 91, 239
- evidentiality 37, 205, 207–209, 213, 224–225
- exclamative constructions 18–19, 22, 229–230, 234, 236–237, 244–245, 252
- exclamative NPs 212, 236, 241, 242, 244
- exclamative speech actsSee speech acts, exclamative
- expressivity 21, 139, 141–145, 159–161, 163, 245
- Extremaduran Spanish16
F
- focus
11–22, 24, 35–37, 43–45, 49, 59–68, 102–103, 131–135, 142–148, 159–161, 173–183, 185–199, 241–245, 359–361, 379–385
- broad 73, 131, 133–142, 144–145, 147–149, 150, 153–154, 156–162, 164–166, 191
- confirmation 148–149, 316
- contrastive 12, 15–17, 19–20, 58–59, 89–91, 99–100, 102–105, 107, 110, 113–117, 174, 176–178, 212–213, 216, 121–123, 240–241, 283–284, 315–316, 342–344
- corrective 9, 11, 35, 41, 147–148, 257
- discursive366
- identificational 4, 14, 251
- informational 16, 20, 33, 43–49, 54–55, 57, 62–64, 68–70, 99, 102–103, 105–108, 110, 116–124, 242, 257, 360
- in-situ 55, 177
- mirative39
- morphological360
- narrow 20, 21, 33, 36, 39, 60, 72, 134–135, 143, 145, 147, 149, 237, 240, 360–361, 383
- narrow contrastive41
- narrow information 1–2, 7–9, 11, 19, 41, 101, 107–110, 119, 127, 226, 385
- neutral 12, 66
- non-contrastive 22, 175, 177, 179, 226, 229–230, 249, 318, 361, 385
- non-final 61, 107
- non-subject 36, 61
- object information48
- phrase-final363
- presentational 4, 12, 79, 226, 360, 363, 365, 369, 370
- sentence 102, 174, 184
- subject 36, 61
- Verum 103, 226, 314–315, 318, 356
- VP102
- focus and contrast 173–174, 176–177, 179–181, 184–186, 196–199
- focus and illocutionary force 230, 242, 244, 249
- focus domain 107, 131, 142–145, 156–157, 159–160, 163–166, 291
- focus frontingSee fronting
- foreign language learning 357–358, 376–378, 380–382, 385
- French 22–24, 255–259, 263–279, 281–285, 287–291, 293, 297, 299–305, 313–326, 329–330, 347–353, 355–356
- fronted foci 76, 78–79, 103–106, 117, 212
- fronting 33–34, 41–43, 48, 52, 54–55, 60–63, 78, 81, 99, 101, 103–104, 106, 212–213, 215, 229–230, 238, 244, 247, 249–250
G
- gender 21, 134, 156–161, 163, 231–232
- German 313–317, 319, 331–338
- givenness
177–178, 203, 225
- degree of147
- referential277
- GJTSee Grammaticality Judgment Task
- Grammaticality Judgment Task (GJT) 16, 73–74, 357, 369, 371–375, 379–380
- grammaticalization 279, 292, 316
H
- heritage language (HL)
357, 359–360, 368, 375–377, 380–381
- learner’s 377, 381
- proficiency375
- properties 220, 222–223
- speakers 357, 367, 370, 376–377, 380
- highlighting 18, 177, 242, 247, 258, 289, 314, 330, 340, 353
- HLSee heritage language
I
- illocutionary force 206, 230, 242, 244, 247–249, 252 See also speech acts
- implicatures 213, 217, 219, 226
- information status 277–278, 300
- interlanguage 366, 377–379
- intermediate phrase boundary 41, 45, 63
- Intonational Grammar 206, 227
- intonation language 4, 7–9, 94–95
L
- L2, acquisition 358–359, 366, 381
- L3, acquisition 357–359, 361, 363, 365, 367, 369–371, 373–377, 379–381
- lab speech 5, 213
- language acquisition
1, 10, 19, 23, 352, 354–356
- bilingual355
- L2See L2, acquisition
- L3See L3, acquisition
- language change 302–303, 308
- language contact 1, 10, 72, 78, 91–92, 95, 183, 287, 289, 297, 308–309
- language variationSee variation
- learner grammarsSee interlanguage
- lengthening
- finalSee syllable, final
- syllableSee syllable, lengthened
- left high tone 81, 86, 89, 93–94
- left periphery 77, 104, 249, 252
- LHSee pitch accent, L+H
M
- map-task 210–211
- Maya 92, 354–355
- meta-linguistic awareness 357–359, 375, 377, 381
- Mexican Spanish 15, 17–19, 21, 34, 71–72, 79, 104, 119, 124–125, 131–133, 135–136, 140, 142, 146, 156, 164, 166
- Middle English 23, 287, 289–290, 299, 308
- Middle French 23, 289, 293
- Minimalist Program 361, 377
- mirativity 205, 207–211, 213, 223, 225
- modality
19, 21, 219, 225–226, 315
- epistemic215
- presupposed 22, 203–205, 207, 209, 211, 213–215, 217–219, 221–225, 227, 252
- modal operators
22, 205, 214, 217, 219–222
- presupposed 22, 203, 216, 221, 245
- Modern French 288, 291
- multilingualism 287, 290, 357
N
- negation 77, 217, 220, 225, 315, 354
- Network Intensity Scale (NIS) 158–159, 162
- NP exclamatives 22, 229–231, 233–234, 236–238, 240–244, 247–250, 230, 245, 249
- NSSee nuclear stress
- NSR (nuclear stress rule) 9, 33, 378
- nuclear pitch accent 17, 19, 33–34, 42, 44–47, 49–50, 52, 60–61, 63, 107, 136, 147, 155–156, 159, 181, 230, 236–242, 244, 247–250
- nuclear stress 9–10, 33, 103, 360, 378–380
- nuclear stress ruleSee NSR
- null-subject parameter 358, 367
O
- obviousness 12, 22, 47, 203, 205–207, 211, 213, 215–219, 221, 224
- Old English 291, 297–299, 308–309
- Old French 292, 309
- Optimality Theory 164, 378
P
- particles
320, 322, 325, 327–329, 333, 335, 337, 339–340, 342–343, 348, 351, 353–354
- affirmative315
- assertive316
- focus-sensitive360
- stressed352
- peak alignment
145, 160
- delayed171
- early18
- late 139, 206
- pre-nuclear 17, 79, 169
- Peninsular Spanish 13, 17, 61, 362–363
- perception experiments 37, 41, 55, 64, 197
- Peruvian Spanish intonation28
- phrasing 52, 73, 182, 186
- pitch accent
41, 50, 79–80, 86, 94–95, 135, 142, 144–145, 160, 162–163, 174–176, 181, 183, 185–186, 191–192
- bitonal171
- falling 80–81, 86, 89, 93, 95, 153, 314
- L+H 17–19, 43–46, 48–54, 60–61, 86, 132, 138–142, 145, 148, 150, 160–161, 162–166, 172, 175, 183, 186–190, 195–196, 362–363
- non-rising 21, 135, 137, 142, 150, 166
- nuclear 48, 138
- prenuclear 17, 61, 146, 147
- rising 20, 76, 86, 89, 91, 95, 139, 149, 150, 166
- rising-falling186
- pitch range 175, 181, 206
- p-movement 2, 15, 20, 33–34, 41–43, 45, 49, 52, 55, 60–64, 69, 90–91, 99
- polarity
221–223, 315
- opposite222
- positive103
- Portuguese 14–15, 19, 215, 357–361, 363–365, 367–368, 370, 374, 376, 381
- postfocal material 35–36, 45, 50, 52, 61, 194, 196
- pragmatic borrowing 287, 288, 297, 299, 301
- predicative constructions
287, 289, 292, 296, 302–303
- unmarked 23, 306
- presupposition
203–204, 211–212, 216, 218–220, 222–223, 226, 245, 257, 318, 360
- additive355
- epistemic 22, 223
- existential240
- informative300
- pragmatic 214, 223, 226
- production experiment 19, 20, 37, 64, 71, 73, 100, 111, 113, 173–174, 183, 363, 371, 380–381
- prominence
11–12, 35, 37, 63, 191, 194
- focal360
- intonationalSee prosodic.
- prosodic 62, 89, 94, 147, 156–59, 162, 165–66, 191, 194
- pronoun
261, 263, 267, 272, 292–294, 296, 300–302, 316, 321, 337, 339, 342, 344, 348, 351
- demonstrative 292, 297, 354
- interrogative 234, 248, 292
- referential anaphoric292
- relative 234, 236, 238, 296
- resumptive78
- prosody-syntax interface 19–20, 33, 35–37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 64, 67–69, 71–73, 89, 91, 95, 164, 174, 361
- pseudo-cleft constructions
14, 35, 41–43, 48, 54, 60, 63, 240, 282–283, 371, 381
- inverted 35, 41–44, 48–49, 54–59, 60, 70
- reverse 275, 280, 283
- pseudo-partitive constructions 231–233, 237, 248
Q
- Quechua 19, 22, 203, 208, 211, 213, 215, 225
- questions
- counterexpectational206
- indirect234
- yes/no 62, 183, 318, 337
- confirmation206
- counterexpectational206
- implicit 315–316, 321, 352
- rhetorical 206, 223, 247, 279
R
- reference maintenance 316, 335, 337, 339, 342, 344, 351
- register
- formal329
- high137
- written 327, 329
- relative clause
35, 230, 233–236, 238–239, 248, 289, 292, 294, 296–297, 302–303, 305, 358, 371
- free238
- normal234
- restrictive288
- rhythm 141, 359
S
- salience 334, 352, 363
- scale
- continuous111
- continuous ranking378
- network intensity158
- rating 126, 160
- seven-point Likert55
- secondary predicate 21, 113, 116, 122–124, 127
- semantics 21, 173, 176, 178, 180, 203, 225–226, 230, 233, 255–257, 261, 277, 287, 355
- Slavic Languages 354, 385
- social factors 21, 131–132, 142, 156, 159–162, 165, 168
- social networks 18, 21, 133, 148, 158–160, 161–163, 166
- sociolinguistic analysis 163, 165, 169
- Southern Peninsular Spanish 16, 34, 63
- Spanish intonation 4–5, 8, 361
- speech acts
137, 144, 216, 242, 244–245, 248–249, 280, 288
- assertive 244–245, 247, 250
- commissive 245–246
- declarative246
- exclamative 22, 229–230, 247, 249
- directive 246, 248
- expressive 140, 145–146, 165, 245
- ironic146
- non-assertive245
- speech act theory 22, 229–230, 245, 249, 252
- spontaneous speech
100–101, 198
- formal280
- vernacular 139, 141
- Standard Spanish 2, 78
- statements
- categorical 8, 106
- directive146
- ironic143
- ironic exclamation146
- non-exclamative147
- non-expressive143
- non-ironic142
- of the obvious206
- uncertainty206
- story retelling 314, 349
- strength61
- metrical9
- stress
95, 101, 194, 355, 378
- assignment 178, 327
- default93
- focal320
- main 103, 105
- nuclear 9–10, 103, 360, 379–380
- phrasal33
- reduction 194, 196
- sentential 9, 65
- shift361
- strong pronouns 314, 316, 321, 328, 342, 344, 347, 349, 352
- style
- formal150
- speaking 5–6, 18, 131–132
- subject
5–6, 23–24, 36, 39–41, 43, 48–50, 54–55, 60–61, 73–76, 122, 256–257, 359–367, 369–370, 373–376, 378–381
- contrasted 76, 88
- empty297
- expletive 271, 288
- focalized6
- inversion 62, 234, 236, 241, 244, 247–248, 366
- position 236, 288, 365, 378, 381
- post-verbal 362, 365–367, 369–371, 374–375
- in L3 24, 367, 374, 381
- surprise 13, 22, 62, 142, 205–212, 215–216, 218–219, 224, 230, 245, 247, 258, 279, 300, 342
- syllable
- final 137, 182
- lengthened 155, 191, 192, 195
- pre-boundary185
- stressed 80, 93, 185, 192, 194–195, 236
- syntactic movement 361, 363, 328, 342–343, 377–378
- syntax and prosody 13, 20, 60, 71, 76, 233, 319
- syntax-prosody interfaceSee prosody-syntax interface
T
- taxonomy 148, 226, 245, 307
- tonal compression
45, 53, 61
- post-focal 35, 44–45, 81
- tonal reduction 46, 48
- tone
41, 81, 86, 89, 93–95, 133, 185–186, 191, 196, 225, 280
- falling172
- low 89, 93, 95, 191, 195
- low sustained172
- nuclear145
- topic
1–2, 35–36, 173–180, 182, 196–197, 198–199, 204, 225, 283–284, 287, 289, 291, 295, 301, 304–305
- contrastive 175–176, 178–179, 182, 319
- new354
- non-contrastive 175, 199
- ordinary318
- topicalization 307–308, 356
- topic and focus 173, 176, 178, 283
- topic-comment 203, 277, 360
- TPMSee Typological Primacy Model
- transfer
353, 357–359, 366
- positive 24, 365, 375–377, 381
- possible381
- potential375
- syntactic369
- truth conditions of at-issue meanings 204, 214, 245–247
- Typological Primacy Model (TPM) 24, 357–358, 365, 376, 380–381
- typology
24, 71, 91, 95, 225, 277
- focal 37, 66
- morpho-syntactic367
U
- unaccusatives 362, 366
- unexpectedness 12, 205, 225, 230, 245, 247
- Universal Grammar358
- unmarked position 99, 101–103, 106, 108–110, 122, 127
- usage 99, 121, 209, 211
V
- variation
13, 16, 20–21, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 63, 147, 151, 166–167, 196, 289, 293, 326, 330
- diachronic 19, 302
- diatopic 10, 13, 44, 64, 79
- focus-related17
- idiosyncratic80
- inter-speaker 55, 185, 196
- intonational168
- intra-speaker 186, 378
- prosodic 17–18
- regional 17, 198
- sociolinguistic167
- structured166
- syntactic 14, 16, 378
- verb focus construction 74, 77–78, 84
W
- wh-constructions 241, 275
- wh-exclamatives 229, 237, 243, 248
- wh-operator 174, 179, 184
- wh-questions 39, 62, 106–107, 174, 178–179, 315, 331
- word order
4–9, 19, 33, 62, 64, 77, 102, 108, 111, 113, 124–125, 359, 367, 369
- focus-induced 357, 359–360, 363, 374, 376
- canonical 33, 41, 365
- non-canonical 135, 366
- unmarked 101, 374, 381
- word order language 4, 7–10, 16, 33, 37, 61
Y
- YMSee Yucatec Maya
- YSSee Yucatecan Spanish
- Yucatec Maya 20, 71–73, 77–78, 91–95
- Yucatecan Spanish 18–20, 71–74, 76–82, 86, 89, 91–95, 227
