In:Discourse-Pragmatic Variation in Context: Eight hundred years of LIKE
Alexandra D'Arcy
[Studies in Language Companion Series 187] 2017
► pp. vii–x
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Published online: 21 September 2017
https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.187.toc
https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.187.toc
Table of contents
Foreword
xi
Acknowledgments
xiii
List of figures
xv
List of tables
xvii
Abbreviations
xix
Chapter 1.Introduction
1
A myriad of like
3
The unremarkable like, like, like, like, like, like and -like
3
Like, vb.
4
Like, adj.
5
Like, n.
5
Like, prep.
6
Like, conj.
6
Like, comp.
7
Like, suff.
8
Approximative adverb like: Remarked upon yet unremarkable
9
Sentential adverb like: Remarked upon but restricted
12
Discourse marker like: Remarked upon but not new
14
Discourse particle like: Remarked upon and innovating
14
Quotative be like: Remarked upon, but remarkable for unsuspected reasons
16
English is not alone in like
23
The analysis of like
25
(Mis)perceptions of like
29
The contexts of like
31
Chapter 2.Empirical context
35
Diachronic corpora
36
Penn Parsed Corpora of Historical English
36
Corpus of English Dialogues 1560–1760
36
Old Bailey Proceedings
37
Corpus of Irish English Correspondence
37
Corpus of Historical American English
38
Origins of New Zealand English
38
Diachronic Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English
39
State Library of Western Australia Oral History Corpus
39
Victoria English Archive: Diachronic Component
39
Corpus of Earlier Ontario English
40
Synchronic corpora
41
Corpus of Contemporary American English
41
International Corpus of English
41
Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language
42
York English Corpus
42
St. John’s Youth Corpus
42
Roots Archive
42
Corpus of Southwest Tyrone English
43
Canterbury Regional Survey
43
Toronto English Archive
43
Victoria English Archive: Synchronic Components
44
Chapter 3.Historical context
47
The historical and archival records
47
The (apparent) missing link
54
Pathways of development
57
Chapter 4.Developmental context
67
Setting the scene: Context, data, method
67
But like cannot go anywhere
73
The development of like
80
The clausal domain
81
The matrix CP context
81
The subordinate CP context
87
The subordinate TP context
89
Summary of the clausal domain
92
The nominal domain
93
The DP context
94
The nP context
98
Summary of the nominal domain
98
The adjectival domain
99
The verbal domain
102
The evidence from adverbs
103
The effects of syntax and semantics
106
Summary of the verbal domain
111
Putting the pieces together: like syntax
111
Chapter 5.Social context
117
It’s not just the kids
117
So who uses like?
119
Women, men and the marker
119
Men, women and the particle
121
Gender, function and linguistic change
122
Chapter 6.Ideological context
125
like facts versus like fictions
127
like is just like, and it is meaningless
128
like is inarticulate and stuff
131
Women say like all the time
136
Blame like on the Valley Girls and adolescents
138
Anything goes
143
The real like story
144
Chapter 7.Contextual interfaces
149
Acquisition of like and ongoing development
149
Linguistic theory, sociolinguistic theory and language change
155
Counting matters, and matters of counting
163
Contextual effects and the community grammar
166
Frequent collocations and formulae
169
Lexical versus functional material and lessons from syntax
172
Summary: Convergence and elaboration
173
Concluding remarks
174
References
177
Appendix.Anthology of like
202
Sentence adverb
202
Discourse marker
202
Discourse particle
218
Index
233
