In:Adverbs: Functional and diachronic aspects
Edited by Karin Pittner, Daniela Elsner and Fabian Barteld
[Studies in Language Companion Series 170] 2015
► pp. 19–46
Adverbs as a linguistic category (?)
Published online: 24 September 2015
https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.170.02rau
https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.170.02rau
The main purpose of this paper is to show what kind of category adverbs form. It is demonstrated that the words of a language are in general categorized in two different ways, based on different properties and serving different purposes. First, they form a small set of part-of-speech categories which are prototypical in nature, serve the cognitive structuring of the lexical inventory of a language, but as such have no single grammatical function. Second, they form numerous syntactic distributional categories whose members share a fixed set of syntactically relevant properties that determine their distribution. It is argued that adverbs are also subject to both types of categorization, though with particular properties that explain their often-stated heterogeneity.
References (60)
Alexiadou, Artemis. 1997. Adverb Placement: A Case Study in Antisymmetric Syntax [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 18]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Austin, Jennifer R., Engelberg, Stefan & Rauh, Gisa. 2004. Adverbials. The Interplay between Meaning, Context and Syntactic Structure [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 70]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Bhat, D.N. Shankara. 1984. The Adjectival Category. Criteria for Differentiation and Identification [Studies in Language Companion Series 24]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Biber, Douglas, Conrad, Susan & Leech, Geoffrey. 2002. Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Boas, Franz. 1911. Handbook of American Indian Languages, Part I. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution.
. 1970. Remarks on nominalization. In Readings in English Transformational Grammar, Roderick A. Jacobs & Peter S. Rosenbaum (eds), 184–221. Waltham MA: Ginn.
Cinque, Guglielmo. 1999. Adverbs and Functional Heads – A Cross Linguistic Perspective. Oxford: OUP.
Costa, João. 1996. Adverb positioning and V-movement in English: Some more evidence. Studia Linguistica 50: 22–34.
. 2000. Adverbs as adjuncts to non-universal functional categories: evidence from Portuguese. In Adverbs and Adjunction, Artemis Alexiadou & Peter Svenonius (eds), 19–32. Potsdam: Universität Potsdam.
Cresswell, Max J. 1981. Adverbs of causation. In Words, Worlds, and Contents. New Approaches in Word Semantics, Hans-Jürgen Eikmeyer & Hannes Rieser (eds), 21–37. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Curme, George O. 1935. A Grammar of the English Language, Vol. II: Parts of Speech and Accidence. Boston MA: D.C. Heath.
Davidson, Thos. 1874. The grammar of Dionysios Thrax: Translated from the Greek. Journal of Speculative Philosophy 8: 326–339.
. 2003. Semantic features and the distribution of adverbs. In Modifying Adjuncts, Ewald Lang, Claudia Maienborn & Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen (eds), 307–334. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
. 2004b. Domain adverbs and the syntax of adjuncts. In Austin, Engelberg & Rauh (eds), 103–129.
Gleason, Henry A. 1955. An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics. Revised Edition. New York NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Haumann, Dagmar. 2007. Adverb Licensing and Clause Structure in English [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 105]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Huddleston, Rodney & Pullum, Geoffrey K. 2002. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP.
Jackendoff, Ray. 1973. The base rules for prepositional phrases. In A Festschrift for Morris Halle, Stephen Anderson & Paul Kiparsky (eds), 345–354. New York NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Laenzlinger, Christopher. 2000. More on adverb syntax. In Linguistics in Potsdam, Vol. 6, Artemis Alexiadou & Peter Svenonius (eds), 103–132. Potsdam: Universität Potsdam.
. 2004. A feature-based theory of adverb syntax. In Austin, Engelberg & Rauh (eds), 205–252.
Langacker, Ronald W. 1991. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Vol. 2: Descriptive Application. Stanford CA.: Stanford University Press.
Mervis, Carolyn B. 1980. Category structure and the development of categorization. In Theoretical Issues in Reading Comprehension, Rand J. Spiro, Bertram C. Bruce & William F. Brewers (eds), 279–307. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Miller, George A. 1956. The magical number seven, plus or minus two. Some limits on our capacity to process information. The Psychological Review 63: 81–87.
Pittner, Karin. 2002. Adverbien der Art und Weise im Deutschen und Englischen: Zu ihrer Stellung und Interpretation. In Adverb – Zentrum und Peripherie einer Wortart, Friederike Schmöe (ed.), 43–59. Wien: Edition Praesens.
. 2004. Where syntax and semantics meet: adverbial positions in the German middle field. In Austin, Engelberg & Rauh (eds), 253–287.
Pollard, Carl & Sag, Ivan A. 1987. Information-Based Syntax, Vol.1 : Fundamentals [CLSI Lecture Notes]. Chicago IL: Chicago University Press.
Quirk, Randolph, Greenbaum, Sidney, Leech, Geoffrey & Svartvik, Jan. 1972. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman.
Ramat, Paolo & Davide Ricca. 1994. Prototypical adverbs: On the scalarity/radiality of the notion ADVERB. Revista di Linguistica 6: 289–326.
Rauh, Gisa. 1999. Adverb oder Präposition? Von der Notwendigkeit einer Abgrenzung von Wortarten und grammatischen Kategorien und der Gefahr einer terminologiscen Falle. In Florilegium Linguisticum: Festschrift für Wolfgang P. Schmid zum 70. Geburtstag, Eckhard Eggers, Joachim Becker, Jürgen Udolph & Dieter Weber (eds), 367–392. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
. 2000. Wi(e)der die Wortarten! Zum Problem linguistischer Kategorisierung. Linguistische Berichte 184: 485–507.
. 2002a. Zum Problem der Wortarten in der Grammatik In Grammatik und Fremdsprachenunterricht: kognitive, psycholinguistische und erwerbstheoretische Perspektiven, Wolfgang Börner & Klaus Vogel (eds), 3–26. Tübingen: Narr.
. 2002b. Word classes as prototypical categories. In Language and Cognition: Papers in Honour of Wolf-Dietrich Bald’s 60th Birthday, Sybil Scholz, Monika Klages, Evelyn Hantson & Ute Römer (eds), 259–270. Munich: Langenscheidt-Longman.
. 2010. Syntactic Categories: Their Identification and Description in Linguistic Theories. Oxford: OUP.
. 1977. Human categorization. In Studies in Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. I, Neil Warren (ed.), 1–49. Cambridge: CUP.
. 1978. Principles of categorization. In Cognition and Categorization, Eleonor Rosch & Barbara B. Lloyds (eds), 27–48. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Rosch, Eleanor & Mervis, Carolyn B. 1975. Family resemblances: studies in the internal structure of categories. Cognitive Psychology 8: 573–605.
Schachter, Paul. 1985. Part-of-speech systems. In Language Typology and Syntactic Description. Clause Structure, Timothy Shopen (ed.), 3–61. Cambridge: CUP.
Cited by (5)
Cited by five other publications
Zhang, Yi
Strik Lievers, Francesca, Marianna Bolognesi & Bodo Winter
Geuder, Wilhelm
Hummel, Martin
2017. Adjectives with adverbial functions in Romance. In Adjective Adverb Interfaces in Romance [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 242], ► pp. 13 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 3 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
