Article published In: Studies in Language
Vol. 38:2 (2014) ► pp.275–334
Stative dimensional verbs in German
Published online: 8 August 2014
https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.38.2.02gam
https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.38.2.02gam
Stative verbs such as German wiegen ‘weigh’ and heißen ‘be called’ encode an attribute of the subject referent such as WEIGHT or NAME and, in addition, allow for the specification of a value for this attribute. From a cognitive perspective, we refer to attributes of this type as object dimensions and to stative verbs encoding object dimensions as stative dimensional verbs. We argue in favor of the relevance of these verbs to cognitive science and semantics. After introducing basic types of stative dimensional verbs, we discuss the results of an in-depth investigation of these verbs in German. In addition to the kind of dimensions encoded by stative verbs, there will be a particular focus on contrasts in the distribution of dimension encoding verbs, nouns, and adjectives. Moreover, we will present a taxonomy of stative dimensional verbs in dependence of the specific dimension.
Keywords: stative verbs, German, dimensions, frame semantics, attributes
References (75)
Ameka, Felix K. & Stephen C. Levinson. 2007. The typology and semantics of locative predicates: Posturals, positionals, and other beasts. Linguistics 45(5/6). 847–871.
Baader, Franz, Diego Calvanese, Deborah L. McGuinness, Daniele Nardi & Peter Patel-Schneider (eds.). 2003. The Description Logic handbook: Theory, implementation, applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. 1992. Frames, concepts, and conceptual fields. In Adrienne Lehrer & Eva F. Kittay (eds.), Frames, fields, and contrasts, 21–74. Erlbaum: Hillsday.
Beavers, John. 2006. Argument/oblique alternations and the structure of lexical meaning. Stanford: Stanford University dissertation.
. 2008. Scalar complexity and the structure of events. In Johannes Dölling, Tatjana Heyde-Zybatow & Martin Schäfer (eds.), Event structures in linguistic form and interpretation, 245–265. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Berthele, Raphael. 2004. The typology of motion and posture verbs: A variationist account. In Bernd Kortmann (ed.), Dialectology meets typology. Dialect grammar from a cross-linguistic perspective, 93–126. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Bierwisch, Manfred. 1987. Semantik der Graduierung. In Manfred Bierwisch & Ewald Lang (eds.), Grammatische und konzeptuelle Aspekte von Dimensionsadjektiven, 91–286. Berlin: Akademieverlag.
Bierwisch, Manfred & Ewald Lang (eds.). 1987. Grammatische und konzeptuelle Aspekte von Dimensionsadjektiven. Berlin: Akademieverlag.
Caudal, Patrick & David Nicolas. 2005. Types of degrees and types of event structures. In Claudia Maienborn & Angelika Wöllstein (eds.), Event arguments: Foundations and applications, 277–299. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.
Dowty, David R. 1979. Word meaning and Montague Grammar: The semantics of verbs and times in Generative Semantics and in Montague’s PTQ. Dordrecht: Reidel.
Eschenbach, Carola. 1995. Zählangaben – Maßangaben: Bedeutung und konzeptuelle Interpretation von Numeralia. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag.
Evans, Nicholas & David Wilkins. 2000. In the mind’s ear: The semantic extensions of perception verbs in Australian languages. Language 761. 546–592.
. 2012. Lexical aspect. In Robert I. Binnick (ed.), The Oxford handbook of tense and aspect, 721-751. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fleischhauer, Jens & Thomas Gamerschlag. 2014. We’re going through changes: How change of state verbs and arguments combine in scale composition. Lingua 1411. 30–47.
Gamerschlag, Thomas & Wiebke Petersen. 2012. An analysis of the evidential use of German perception verbs. In Christopher Hart (ed.), Selected Papers from UK-CLA Meetings, vol. 11, 1–18. [URL].
Gamerschlag, Thomas, Wiebke Petersen & Liane Ströbel. 2013. Sitting, standing, and lying in frames: A frame-based approach to posture verbs. In Guram Bezhanishvili, Sebastian Löbner, Vincenzo Marra & Frank Richter (eds.), Selected papers of the 9th International Tbilisi Symposium on Logic, Language, and Computation (LNCS 7758), 73–93. Berlin: Springer.
Gamerschlag, Thomas, Doris Gerland, Rainer Osswald & Wiebke Petersen (eds.). 2014. Frames and concept types: Applications in language and philosophy (Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 94). Dordrecht: Springer.
Gangemi, Aldo, Nicola Guarino, Claudio Masolo, Alessandro Oltramari & Luc Schneider. 2002. Sweetening ontologies with DOLCE. In Asunción Gómez-Pérez & V. Richard Benjamins (eds.), Knowledge engineering and knowledge management. Ontologies and the Semantic Web (13th International Conference, EKAW 2002), 166–181. Berlin: Springer.
Gawron, Jean M. 2009. The lexical semantics of extent verbs. Unpublished manuscript, San Diego State University. [URL]
Geist, Ljudmila. 1999. Russisch byt’ als funktionale und/oder lexikalische Kategorie. ZAS Papers in Linguistics 141, 1–39. ZAS, Berlin.
Gerling, Martin & Norbert Orthen. 1979. Deutsche Zustands- und Bewegungsverben: Eine Untersuchung zu ihrer semantischen Struktur und Valenz. Tübingen: Narr.
Goldstone, Robert L. & Lawrence W. Barsalou. 1998. Reuniting perception and conception. Cognition 651. 231–262.
Guarino, Nicola. 1992. Concepts, attributes, and arbitrary relations: Some linguistic and ontological criteria for structuring knowledge bases. Data and Knowledge Engineering 81. 249–261.
. 2009. The ontological level: Revisiting 30 years of knowledge representation. In Alex Borgida, Vinay Chaudhri, Paolo Giorgini & Eric Yu (eds.), Conceptual modeling: Foundations and applications, 52–67. Berlin: Springer.
Hay, Jennifer, Christopher Kennedy & Beth Levin. 1999. Scalar structure underlies telicity in ‘degree achievements’. In Tanya Mathews & Devon Strolovitch (eds.), SALT IX, 127–144. Ithaca: CLC Publications.
Katz, E. Graham. 1995. Stativity, genericity, and temporal reference. Rochester: University of Rochester dissertation.
Kaufmann, Ingrid. 1995. Konzeptuelle Grundlagen semantischer Dekompositionsstrukturen: Die Kombinatorik lokaler Verben und prädikativer Komplemente. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
Kegl, July & Christiane Fellbaum. 1989. An analysis of obligatory adjuncts: Evidence from the class of measure verbs. Proceedings of ESCOL 1988 (Fifth Eastern States Conference on Linguistics), 275–288.
Kennedy, Christopher. 1999. Projecting the adjective. The syntax and semantics of gradability and comparison. New York: Garland.
. 2007. Vagueness and grammar: The semantics of relative and absolute gradable adjectives. Linguistics and Philosophy 301. 1–45.
Kennedy, Christopher & Beth Levin. 2008. Measure of change: The adjectival core of degree achievements. In Louise McNally & Christopher Kennedy (eds.), Adjectives and adverbs: Syntax, semantics, and discourse, 156–182. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kennedy, Christopher & Louise McNally. 2005. Scale structure and the semantic typology of gradable predicates. Language 81(2). 345–381.
Kersten, Alan W., Robert L. Goldstone & Alexandra Schaffert. 1998. Two competing attentional mechanisms in category learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 241. 1437–1458.
Klooster, Wim G. 1978. Much in Dutch. Papers from the Fourteenth Regional Meeting, Chicago Linguistic Society, 217–228.
Koontz-Garboden, Andrew. 2010. The lexical semantics of derived statives. Linguistics and Philosophy 33(4). 285–323.
Krifka, Manfred. 1998. The origins of telicity. In Susan Rothstein (ed.), Events and grammar, 197–235. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Kutscher, Silvia & Eva Schultze-Berndt. 2007. Why a folder lies in the basket although it is not lying: The semantics and use of German positional verbs with inanimate Figures. Linguistics 45(5/6). 983–1028.
Lasersohn, Peter. 2005. The temperature paradox as evidence for a presuppositional analysis of definite descriptions. Linguistic Inquiry 361. 127–134.
Levin, Beth & Malka Rappaport Hovav. 2005. Argument realization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. 1990. Wahr neben Falsch: Duale Operatoren als die Quantoren natürlicher Sprache. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
. 2011b. Functional concepts and frames. [URL]
. 2014. Evidence for frames from human language. In Thomas Gamerschlag, Doris Gerland, Rainer Osswald & Wiebke Petersen (eds.), Frames and concept types: Applications in language and philosophy (Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 94), 23–68. Dordrecht: Springer.
Na, Younghee. 1986. The conventionalization of semantic distinctions. Papers from the general session at the twenty-second meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 166–178.
Newman, John (ed.). 2002. The Linguistics of sitting, standing and lying. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Osswald, Rainer & Robert D. Van Valin Jr. 2014. FrameNet, frame structure, and the syntax-semantics interface. In Thomas Gamerschlag, Doris Gerland, Rainer Osswald & Wiebke Petersen (eds.), Frames and concept types: Applications in language and philosophy (Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 94), 125–156. Dordrecht: Springer.
Petersen, Wiebke. 2007. Decomposing concepts with frames. Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication 21. 151–170.
Petersen, Wiebke & Thomas Gamerschlag. 2014. Why chocolate eggs can taste old but not oval: A frame-theoretic analysis of inferential evidentials. In Thomas Gamerschlag, Doris Gerland, Rainer Osswald & Wiebke Petersen (eds.), Frames and concept types: Applications in language and philosophy (Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 94), 199–220. Dordrecht: Springer.
Piñon, Christopher. 2008. Aspectual composition with degrees. In Louise McNally & Christopher Kennedy (eds.), Adjectives and adverbs: Syntax, semantics and discourse, 183–219. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rappaport Hovav, Malka. 2008. Lexicalized meaning and the internal structure of events. In Susan Rothstein (ed.), Theoretical and crosslinguistic approaches to the semantics of aspect, 13–42. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Rappaport Hovav, Malka & Beth Levin. 2000. Classifying single argument verbs. In Peter Coopmans, Martin Everaert & Jane B. Grimshaw (eds.), Lexical specification and insertion, 269–304. Amsterdam:Benjamins.
. 2010. Reflections on manner/result complementarity. In Malka Rappaport Hovav, Edit Doron & Ivy Sichel (eds.), Syntax, lexical semantics, and event structure, 21–58. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Romero, Maribel. 2005. Concealed questions and specificational subjects. Linguistics and Philosophy 281. 687–737.
Rothmayr, Antonia. 2009. The structure of stative verbs. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Steinitz, Renate. 1999. Die Kopula ‘werden’ und die Situationstypen. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 181. 121–151.
Talmy, Leonard. 1996. Fictive motion in language and “ception.” In Paul Bloom, Mary A. Peterson, Lynn Nadel & Merrill F. Garrett (eds.), Language and space, 211–276. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Viberg, Åke. 1984. The verbs of perception: A typological study. In Bryan Butterworth, Bernhard Comrie & Östen Dahl (eds.), Explanations for language universals, 123–162. Berlin: Mouton.
. 2001. Verbs of perception. In Martin Haspelmath, Ekkehard König, Wulf Oesterreicher & Wolfgang Raible (eds.), Language typology and language universals: An international handbook, 1294–1309. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Whitt, Richard J. 2010. Evidentiality and perception verbs in English and German. Frankfurt: Peter Lang Verlag.
Wiese, Heike. 1997. Zahl und Numerale: Eine Untersuchung zur Korrelation konzeptueller und sprachlicher Strukturen. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 3 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
