Cover not available

Article published In: Studies in Language
Vol. 50:2 (2026) ► pp.471–508

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload PDF
EPUB logo with download linkDownload EPUB

Grammaticalization vs. Diachronic Construction Grammar

A reappraisal

ORCiD logo with link | University of Cologne
ORCiD logo with link | Sorbonne Nouvelle University | Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3
ORCiD logo with link | Sorbonne Nouvelle University
ORCiD logo with link | Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3
Open Access logo
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.

Open Access publication of this article was funded through a Transformative Agreement with Université Sorbonne Nouvelle.

Published online: 10 December 2025
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.25024.hei
Abstract
In some work based on the framework of Diachronic Construction Grammar, a branch of Construction Grammar (e.g. Croft, William. 2001. Radical Construction Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; 2006. Constructions at work: The nature of generalization in language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar), it has been argued that phenomena traditionally classified as instances of grammaticalization should not be considered as belonging to a distinct field of its own within historical linguistics. Rather, it is proposed that such phenomena are more appropriately taken care of within Diachronic Construction Grammar. The present paper takes issue with this stance, arguing that grammatical change as it is the subject of grammaticalization theory has a unique place within the field of diachronic linguistics. The paper focuses on a study by Gildea, Spike & Johanna Barðdal. 2023. From grammaticalization to Diachronic Construction Grammar. A natural evolution of the paradigm. Studies in Language 47(4). 743–788. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, which represents the most pronounced position on this issue within Diachronic Construction Grammar.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Two contrasting frameworks
    • 2.1Grammaticalization theory
    • 2.2Diachronic Construction Grammar
    • 2.3Discussion
  • 3.Case studies
    • 3.1The English be-going-to future
      • 3.1.1A DCxG account
      • 3.1.2Discussion
      • 3.1.3Questions
    • 3.2Subordinate clauses in Makushi
    • 3.3Event Schemas
  • 4.Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • Abbreviations
  • Notes
  • References
References (119)
References
Barðdal, Jóhanna & Spike Gildea. 2015. Diachronic Construction Grammar: Epistemological context, basic assumptions and historical implications. In Jóhanna Barðdal, Elena Smirnova, Lotte Sommerer & Spike Gildea (eds.), Diachronic Construction Grammar (Constructional Approaches to Language 18), 1–50. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Basile, Carmelo Alessandro. 2024. Modality in contact: Necessity and obligation in New Englishes (Language Contact and Bilingualism 36). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Basile, Carmelo Alessandro & Cameron Morin. Forthcoming. Constructional Change. In Xu Wen & Chris Sinha (eds.), The Cambridge encyclopaedia of cognitive linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Basile, Carmelo Alessandro & Debra P. Ziegeler. 2026. Rescuing grammaticalization from construction hegemony: The evolution of the modal better. Folia Linguistica Historica 47(1).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bisang, Walter. 2010. Grammaticalization in Chinese: A construction-based account. In Elizabeth C. Traugott & Grame Trousdale (eds.), Gradience, gradualness and grammaticalization, 245–77. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bisang, Walter, Nikolaus P. Himmelmann & Björn Wiemer (eds.). 2004. What makes grammaticalization? A look from its fringes and its components. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bisang, Walter, Andrej Malchukov & the Mainz Grammaticalization Project team (Iris Rieder, Linlin Sun, Marvin Martiny, Svenja Luell). 2020. Position paper: Universal and areal patterns in grammaticalization. In Walter Bisang & Andrej Malchukov (eds.), Grammaticalization scenarios: Cross-linguistic variation and universal tendencies. Vol. 1: Grammaticalization scenarios from Europe and Asia, 1–87. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Holt.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Boye, Kasper & Peter Harder. 2012. A usage-based theory of grammatical status and grammaticalization. Language (88). 1–44. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Börjars, Kersti, Nigel Vincent & George Walkden. 2015. On constructing a theory of grammatical change. Transactions of the Philological Society 113(3). 363–82. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Brinton, Laurel J. & Elizabeth C. Traugott. 2005. Lexicalization and language change. (Research Surveys in Linguistics). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bybee, Joan L. 2003. Mechanisms of change in grammaticization: The role of frequency. In Brian D. Joseph & Richard D. Janda (eds.), The handbook of historical linguistics, 602–623. Oxford: Blackwell. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bybee, Joan L., Revere D. Perkins & William Pagliuca. 1994. The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bybee, Joan L. & Sandra Thompson. 1997. Three frequency effects in syntax. Berkeley Linguistics Society 231. 378–388. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Campbell, Lyle. 2000. What’s wrong with grammaticalization? Language Sciences 23(2–3). 113–61. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Coussé, Evie, Peter Andersson & Joel Olofsson. 2018. Grammaticalization meets Construction Grammar: Opportunities, challenges and potential incompatibilities. In Evie Coussé, Peter Andersson & Joel Olofsson (eds.), Grammaticalization meets Construction Grammar, 3–19. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Croft, William. 2001. Radical Construction Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2002. Typology and universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2025a. Constructions in typological and cross-linguistic context (Chapter 17). In Mirjam Fried & Kiki Nikiforidou (eds.). The Cambridge handbook of Construction Grammar, 439–468. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2025b. Lineage-based linguistics. Typescript, University of New Mexico.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Croft, William & Alan Cruse. 2004. Cognitive linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Danchev, Andrei & Merja Kytö. 1994. The construction be going to + infinitive in Early Modern English. In Dieter Kastovsky (ed.), Studies in Early Modern English (Topics in English Linguistics 13), 59–77. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
De Smet, Hendrik. 2010. Grammatical interference: Subject marker for and the phrasal verb particles out and forth. In Elizabeth C. Traugott & Graeme Trousdale (eds.), Gradience, gradualness and grammaticalization, 75–104. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dér, Csilla Ilona. 2013. Grammaticalization: A specific type of semantic, categorical, and prosodic change. Berliner Beiträge zur Hungarologie. Schriftenreihe des Fachgebiets für Ungarische Literatur und Kultur an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin 181, 160–179. Berlin-Budapest.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Diewald, Gabriele. 2002. A model for relevant types of contexts in grammaticalization. In Ilse Wischer & Gabriele Diewald (eds.). New reflections on grammaticalization, 103–120. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Evans, Nicolas. 2007. Insubordination and its uses. In Irina Nicolaeva (ed.), Finiteness: Theoretical and empirical foundations, 366–431. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gisborne, Nikolas. 2011. Constructions, word grammar, and grammaticalization. Cognitive Linguistics 22(1). 155–182. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gisborne, Nikolas & Amanda Patten. 2011. Construction Grammar and grammaticalization. In Heiko Narrog & Bernd Heine (eds.), The Oxford handbook of grammaticalization, 92–104. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goldberg, Adele E. 1995. Constructions: A Construction Grammar approach to argument structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2006. Constructions at work: The nature of generalization in language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goldberg, Adele. 2019: Explain me this: Creativity, competition, and the partial productivity of constructions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gregersen, Sune. 2018. Some (critical) questions for Diachronic Construction Grammar. Folia Linguistica Historica 39(2). 341–360. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hansen, Maj-Britt Mosegaard & Richard Waltereit (eds.). 2025. Cyclic change in grammar and discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin. 1999. Why is grammaticalization irreversible? Linguistics 37(6). 1043–1068. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2004. On directionality in language change with particular reference to grammaticalization. In Olga Fischer, Muriel Norde & Harry Perridon (eds.), Up and down the cline — the nature of gammaticalization (Typological Studies in Language 59), 17–44. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd. 1992. Grammaticalization chains. Studies in Language 16(2). 335–368. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1993. Auxiliaries: Cognitive forces and grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1994. Grammaticalization as an explanatory parameter. In William Pagliuca (ed.), Perspectives on grammaticalization, 255–287. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1995. Conceptual grammaticalization and prediction. In John R. Taylor & Robert E. MacLaury (eds.), Language and the cognitive construal of the world, 119–135. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1997a. Possession: Sources, forces, and grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1997b. Cognitive foundations of grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1998. On explaining grammar: the grammaticalization of have-constructions. Theoretical Linguistics 24(1). 29–41. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2000. Grammaticalization chains across languages: an example from Khoisan. In Spike Gildea (ed.), Reconstructing grammar: Comparative linguistics and grammaticalization (Typological Studies in Language 43), 177–199. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2002. On the role of context in grammaticalization. In Ilse Wischer & Gabriele Diewald (eds.), New reflections on grammaticalization, 83–101. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2003a. On degrammaticalization. In Barry Blake, Kate Burridge & John Taylor (eds.), Historical Linguistics 2001: Selected papers from the 15th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Melbourne, 13–17 August 2001 (Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science. Series IV: Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 237), 163–79. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2003b. Grammaticalization. Brian D. Joseph & Richard D. Janda (eds.), The handbook of historical linguistics, 575–601. Oxford: Blackwell. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2008. Contact-induced word order change without word order change. In Peter Siemund & Noemi Kintana (eds.), Language contact and contact language (Hamburg Studies on Multilingualism 7), 33–60. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2018. Are there two different ways of approaching grammaticalization? In Sylvie Hancil, Tine Breban & José Vicente Lozano (eds.), New trends on grammaticalization and language change, 23–54. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2023a. Grammaticalization. In Peter Ackema, Sabrina Bendjaballah, Eulàlia Bonet & Antonio Fábregas (eds.), The Wiley Blackwell companion to morphology, 1–18. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2023b. The grammar of interactives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd & Ulrike Claudi. 1986a. On the metaphorical base of grammar. Studies in Language 10(2). 297–335. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1986b. The metaphorical base of grammatical categories in Ewe (West Africa). In Joshua A. Fishman (eds.), The Fergusonian impact (Volume 1: From Phonology to Society), 367–375. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2001. On split word order: explaining syntactic variation. General Linguistics 38(1). 41–74.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi & Friederike Hünnemeyer. 1991. Grammaticalization: A conceptual framework. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd, Gunther Kaltenböck & Tania Kuteva. 2016. On insubordination and cooptation. In Evans, Nicholas & Honoré Watanabe (eds.), Insubordination (Typological Studies in Language 115), 39–63. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd, Gunther Kaltenböck, Tania Kuteva, & Haiping Long. 2017. Cooptation as a discourse strategy. Linguistics 55(4). 1–43. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd & Christa König. 2015. The !Xun language: A dialect grammar of Northern Khoisan. (Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung 33). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd & Tania Kuteva. 2002. World lexicon of grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2005. Language contact and grammatical change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2007. The genesis of grammar: A reconstruction. (Studies in the Evolution of Language 9). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2010. Contact and grammaticalization. In Raymond Hickey (ed.), Handbook of language contact, 86–105. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd, Tania Kuteva & Heiko Narrog. 2017. Back again to the future: How to account for directionality in grammatical change? In Walter Bisang & Andrej Malchukov (eds.), Unity and diversity in grammaticalization scenarios (Studies in Diversity Linguistics 99), 1–29. Berlin: Language Science Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd, Heiko Narrog & Haiping Long. 2016. Constructional change vs. grammaticalization. From compounding to derivation. Studies in Language 40(1). 137–175. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd & Mechthild Reh. 1984. Grammaticalization and reanalysis in African languages. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2013. Constructional change in English: Developments in allomorphy, word-formation, and syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2015. From hand-carved to computer-based: noun-participle compounding and the upward strengthening hypothesis. Cognitive Linguistics 26(1). 113–147. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2018. Three open questions in Diachronic Construction Grammar. In Evie Coussé, Peter Andersson & Joel Olofsson (eds.), Grammaticalization meets Construction Grammar, 21–39. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2021. Ten lectures on Diachronic Construction Grammar. (Distinguished Lectures in Cognitive Linguistics 26). Leiden: Brill. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hilpert, Martin & David Correia Saavedra. 2018. The unidirectionality of semantic changes in grammaticalization: an experimental approach to the asymmetric priming hypothesis. English Language & Linguistics 22(3). 357–380. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. 2004. Lexicalization and grammaticalization: Opposite or orthogonal? In Bisang, Walter, Nikolaus P. Himmelman & Björn Wiemer (eds.), What makes grammaticalization? A look from its fringes and its components, 21–42. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hopper, Paul J. 1991. On some principles of grammaticization. In Elizabeth C. Traugott & Bernd Heine (eds.), Approaches to grammaticalization (Volume 11), 17–35. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hopper, Paul J. & Elizabeth C. Traugott. 1993. Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2003. Grammaticalization. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hüning, Matthias & Geert Booij. 2014. From compounding to derivation: The emergence of derivational affixes through “constructionalization”. Folia Linguistica 48(2). 579–604. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jäger, Gerhard & Annette Rosenbach. 2008. Priming and unidirectional language change. Theoretical Linguistics 34(2). 85–113. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kapron-King, Anna, Simon Kirby, Graeme Trousdale & Kenny Smith. 2025. Grammatical unidirectionality is not reflected in individual preferences when performing artificial semantic extension. Language and Cognition 171, e60. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kiparsky, Paul. 2012. Grammaticalization as optimization. In Jonas, Dianne, John Whitman & Andrew Garrett (eds.), Grammatical change: Origins, nature, outcomes, 14–51. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Krug, Manfred. 2003. Frequency as a determinant of grammatical variation and change. In Günter Rohdenburg & Britta Mondorf (eds.), Determinants of grammatical variation in English, 7–67. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kuteva, Tania, Bernd Heine, Bo Hong, Haiping Long, Heiko Narrog & Seongha Rhee. 2019. World lexicon of grammaticalization. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lehmann, Christian. 1982 [2015]. Thoughts on grammaticalization. A programmatic sketch (Vol.1: AKUP 48 Arbeiten des Kölner Universalien-Projekts). Cologne: Universität zu Köln, Institut für Sprachwissenschaft.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mair, Christian. 2004. Corpus linguistics and grammaticalization theory: Statistics, frequency, and beyond. In Hans Lindquist & Christian Mair (eds.), Corpus approaches to grammaticalization in English, 121–150. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2011. Grammaticalization and corpus linguistics. In Heiko Narrog & Bernd Heine (eds.), The Oxford handbook of grammaticalization, 239–250. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Matthews, Stephen & Virginia Yip. 2009. Contact-induced grammaticalization: Evidence from bilingual acquisition. Studies in Language 33(2). 366–395. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2024b. The development of English evidentials: A case of grammaticalization or constructionalization? Paper presented at the 10th Biennial International Conference on the Linguistics of Contemporary English (BICLCE), University of Alicante, 26–28 September. ⟨hal-04859403⟩
Mithun, Marianne. 2021. Grammaticalization and explanation. In Heiko Narrog & Bernd Heine (eds.), The Oxford handbook of grammaticalization, 177–92. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Narrog, Heiko & Bernd Heine. 2017. Grammaticalization. In Adam Ledgeway & Ian Roberts (eds.), The Cambridge handbook of historical syntax, 7–27. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(eds.). 2021a. The Oxford handbook of grammaticalization. 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(eds.). 2021b. Grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Newmeyer, Frederick J. 1998. Language form and language function. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nicolle, Steve. 1998. A relevance theory perspective on grammaticalization. Cognitive Linguistics 9(1). 1–35. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Noël, Dirk. 2007. Diachronic construction grammar and GT. Functions of Language 14(2). 177–202. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2013. Grammaticalization in diachronic construction grammar. In Maria Angélica Furtado da Cunha, Edvaldo Balduíno Bispo & José Romerito Silva (eds.), Anais do IV Seminário Internacional do Grupo de Estudos Discurso & Gramática e XVII Seminário Nacional do Grupo de Estudos Discurso & Gramática: Teoria da gramaticalização e gramática de construções, 5–12. UFRN.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Norde, Muriel. 2009. Degrammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Norde, Muriel & Karin Beijering. 2014. Facing interfaces: A clustering approach to grammaticalization and related changes. Folia Linguistica 48(2). 385–424. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Norde, Muriel & Kristel Van Goethem. 2018. Debonding and clipping of prefixoids in Germanic: Constructionalization or constructional change? In Geert Booij (ed.), The construction of words: Advances in construction morphology, 475–518. Dordrecht: Springer. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Patten, Amanda. 2012. The English it-cleft: A constructional account and a diachronic investigation. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Petré, Peter. 2019. How constructions are born: The role of patterns in the constructionalization of be going to INF. In Beatrix Busse & Ruth Möhlig-Falke (eds.), Patterns in language and linguistics: New perspectives on a ubiquitous concept, 157–192. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Popper, Karl. (2002[1959[1935]]). The logic of scientific discovery [translation by the author of Logik der Forschung]. Republished. London: Routledge Classics.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ramat, Paolo. 2015. Grammaticalization. In Neil J. Smelser & Paul B. Baltes (eds.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences, 330–335. 2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Saavedra, David Correia. 2019. Measurements of grammaticalization: Developing a quantitative index for the study of grammatical change. Université de Neuchâtel & Universiteit Antwerpen Ph.D. dissertation.
Sanford, Anthony J. 1985. Cognition and cognitive psychology. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Smirnova, Elena. 2015. Constructionalization and constructional change: The role of context in the development of constructions. In Jóhanna Barðdal, Elena Smirnova, Lotte Sommerer & Spike Gildea (eds.), Diachronic Construction Grammar, 81–106. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Traugott, Elizabeth C. 2015. Toward a coherent account of grammatical constructionalization. In Jóhanna Barðdal, Elena Smirnova, Lotte Sommerer & Spike Gildea (eds.), Diachronic Construction Grammar, 51–79. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Traugott, Elizabeth C. & Graeme Trousdale. 2013. Constructionalization and constructional changes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2014. Contentful constructionalization. Journal of Historical Linguistics 4(2). 254–282. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Trousdale, Graeme. 2008. Constructions in grammaticalization and lexicalization: Evidence from the history of a composite predicate in English. In Graeme Trousdale & Nikolas Gisborne (eds.), Constructional approaches to English grammar, 33–67. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Trousdale, Graeme & Muriel Norde. 2013. Degrammaticalization and constructionalization: two case studies. Language Sciences 361. 32–46. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Van Bogaert, Julie. 2011. I think and other complement-taking mental predicates: A case of constructional grammaticalization. Linguistics 49(2). 295–332. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Werner, Heinz & Bernard Kaplan. 1963. Symbol-formation: An organismic developmental approach to language and the expression of thought. New York, London, Sidney: Wiley.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wischer, Ilse & Gabriele Diewald (eds.), 2002. New Reflections on grammaticalization. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2015. Converging grammars. Constructions in Singapore English (Language Contact and Bilingualism 11). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2024. The influence of the lexifier: Beyond grammaticalization in Singapore English (Language Contact and Bilingualism 29). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue