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Article published In: Studies in Language
Vol. 50:1 (2026) ► pp.33–67

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Circassian relatives

A contribution to the synchronic and diachronic typology of the externally/internally-headed relative clause distinction

ORCiD logo with link | HSE UniversityMoscow
Published online: 18 August 2025
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.24002.lan
Abstract
This paper documents relative clause constructions in the polysynthetic Circassian languages of the West Caucasian family and attempts to establish diachronic links between them. It is shown that the Circassian languages possess both externally-headed and internally-headed relative clauses, with the latter having semantic heads that are interpreted outside of the relative clause. In addition, these languages have constructions which cannot be unequivocally assigned to one type or the other, and have properties of both. This paper suggests that there is a diachronic explanation for this, but also argues that the contrast between externally-headed and internally-headed relative clauses is not as clear-cut as is usually assumed in the typological literature.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Background on Circassian languages
    • 2.1Basic information and the data of the paper
    • 2.2The typology of Circassian
      • Polysynthesis
      • Ergativity
      • Left branching
      • Flexible word classes
  • 3.Morphology of relativization
  • 4.Types of RCCs in Circassian
    • 4.1Prenominal RCCs
    • 4.2IHRCs with adverbial semantic heads
    • 4.3Contiguous RCCs
    • 4.4IHRCs with unmarked semantic heads
    • 4.5RCCs with externally marked internal semantic heads
    • 4.6Postnominal RCCs
    • 4.7Double-headed RCCs
  • 5.Summing up the distribution and diachrony of Circassian RCCs
  • 6.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
References (105)
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