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Article published In: Studies in Language
Vol. 49:3 (2025) ► pp.546–586

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When (not) to establish a new category

The case of perfect, ‘already’ and iamitives

ORCiD logo with link | Tilburg University
ORCiD logo with link | Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
ORCiD logo with link | Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
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Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.

Open Access publication of this article was funded through a Transformative Agreement with Tilburg University.

Published online: 2 June 2025
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https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.23066.kra
Abstract
In this paper, we take stock of our linguistic tools to investigate potential markers of the perfect and ‘already’, and challenge the necessity of assuming the existence of the category of iamitives (Olsson, Bruno. 2013. Iamitives: Perfects in Southeast Asia and beyond. Stockholm: Stockholm University MA thesis.). Iamitives are said to have a core meaning of change-of-state, similar to ‘already’, with an additional resultative meaning making it also similar to perfect aspect. We investigate several perfect/iamitive/‘already’ markers in Nafsan, Toqabaqita, Unua, Javanese, and Mandarin Chinese. We argue that characteristics that have been taken as evidence of iamitives can be explained by the interaction between the perfect/‘already’ and the following language-internal mechanisms: (a) aspectual coercion in languages with underspecified verbal aspect can explain the presence of the change-of-state meaning with perfect aspect; (b) paradigmatic blocking can explain the lack of some perfect functions of a given marker in a language; and (c) compatibility in meaning can explain certain overlaps between perfect and ‘already’.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Background
    • 2.1Perfect
    • 2.2‘Already’
    • 2.3The rise of iamitives
    • 2.4The challenges for iamitives
    • 2.5A case for fine-grained features instead of new categories
    • 2.6Semantic maps
  • 3.Languages and data in our study
  • 4.Language-internal mechanisms
    • 4.1Change of state as aspectual coercion in Nafsan and Mandarin Chinese
    • 4.2Blocking principles in Mandarin Chinese, Oceanic, and beyond
    • 4.3Meaning compatibility in Javanese
  • 5.Conclusion
  • Notes
  • Acknowledgments
  • Abbreviations
  • References
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