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Article published In: Studies in Language
Vol. 48:4 (2024) ► pp.909–950

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Morphosyntactic retention and innovation in Sheng, a youth language or stylect of Kenya

ORCiD logo with link | University of Essex
ORCiD logo with link | Kenyatta University
ORCiD logo with link | Kenyatta University
ORCiD logo with link | SOAS University of London
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Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

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Open Access publication of this article was funded through a Transformative Agreement with .

Published online: 6 June 2024
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https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.22017.gib
Abstract
This paper examines the morphosyntax of the East African Swahili-based urban youth language or stylect Sheng. Research on urban youth languages has often focused on these varieties as sites of rapid change and linguistic creativity. However, we show that many of the structural features which appear to make Sheng stand out when compared to (Standard) Swahili are widespread across East African Bantu languages. We examine nominal and verbal domains, as well as clausal syntax, and highlight areas in which Sheng exhibits features in common with its contact languages, as well as features which appear to reflect instances of independent innovation. The study shows that Sheng is not a “simplified” version of Swahili which deviates from the grammar of Swahili in a range of ad hoc ways. Rather, the language exhibits features of retention and contact-induced borrowing, as well as systematic changes which are reflective of variation across the Bantu languages.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Contact and convergence in Bantu
  • 3.Sheng: A background
  • 4.Features of Sheng morphosyntax: The nominal domain
    • 4.1Noun class assignment and semantics
    • 4.2Nominal agreement
    • 4.3Demonstratives
    • 4.4Locative nouns
    • 4.5Summary of Sheng features in the nominal domain
  • 5.The verbal domain
    • 5.1Tense-aspect-mood distinctions
      • 5.1.1The habitual -ag
      • 5.1.2New tense-aspect-mood markers and distinctions
      • 5.1.3The verbal stem marker ku-
    • 5.2Co-occurrence of object markers
    • 5.3Summary of features of Sheng in the verbal domain
  • 6.Further features of Sheng
    • 6.1Plural addressee marking
    • 6.2Relative clauses
    • 6.3Copula constructions
    • 6.4Post-verbal locative enclitics
    • 6.5Summary of further features of Sheng morphosyntax
  • 7.Summary and conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
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