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Article published In: Postverbal negation
Edited by Olga Krasnoukhova, Johan van der Auwera and Mily Crevels
[Studies in Language 45:3] 2021
► pp. 557–597

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Variation in negation in Seto

ORCiD logo with link | University of Tartu
 | University of Tartu
 | University of Tartu | Võro Institute
Published online: 24 August 2021
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.19063.lin
Abstract
Seto is an exceptional language in the Uralic family due to its systematic use of postverbal negation, although preverbal and double negation marking are also used. Postverbal negation is still the most frequent and unmarked pattern occurring in about 74% of negative clauses in Seto. This paper analyzes variation between pre- and postverbal negation in East Seto (spoken in present-day Russia), based on data gathered during fieldwork trips in 2010–2013. By applying quantitative methods that are used in variationist studies (regression modelling, conditional inference trees, and random forests), we determine the variables affecting the choice between pre- and postverbal negation. Marked preverbal negation occurs more likely with first and third person, cognition verbs, and present tense, all of which are often used in fixed expressions like I don’t know. We also found a strong structural persistence effect in the data and remarkable differences between individual speakers.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Sociolinguistic overview of Seto
  • 3.Negation in Seto and its historical background
    • 3.1Negation in Seto
    • 3.2Negation in Uralic/Finnic: A general background
      • 3.2.1Standard negation
      • 3.2.2Prohibitives
      • 3.2.3Word order
  • 4.Data and methods
    • 4.1Data
    • 4.2Variables
    • 4.3Methods
  • 5.Results
    • 5.1General findings and change over time
      • 5.1.1Distribution of negation patterns
      • 5.1.2Double negation
      • 5.1.3Prohibitives
    • 5.2Factors conditioning the variation between pre- and postverbal negation
      • 5.2.1Implications for the importance of the individual speaker
      • 5.2.2Effects of other variables
      • 5.2.3Summary and discussion of modelling results
  • 6.Conclusions
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
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