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Article published In: Studies in Language
Vol. 44:2 (2020) ► pp.281–326

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Repeating responses as a conversational affordance for linguistic transmission

Evidence from Yurakaré conversations

 | Department of Linguistics, University of Cologne
Published online: 10 June 2020
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https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.19041.gip
Abstract
Given that face-to-face interaction is an important locus for linguistic transmission (Enfield, Nicholas J. 2008. Transmission biases in linguistic epidemiology. Journal of Language Contact 2(1). 299–310. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar: 297), it is argued in this paper that conversational structure must provide affordances (Gibson, James J. 1979. The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar) for transmitting linguistic items. The paper focuses on repeats where an interactant (partially) repeats their interlocutor’s preceding utterance. Repeats are argued to provide affordances for the transmission of innovative and conservative linguistic items by forcing interactants to repeat linguistic material uttered by another person, facilitating production by exploiting priming effects. Moreover, repeats leave room for modification and thereby for actively resisting transmission. In this way, repeats unite the competing forces (Tantucci, Vittorio, Jonathan Culpeper & Matteo Di Cristofaro. 2018. Dynamic resonance and social reciprocity in language change: The case of Good morrow. Language Sciences 681. 6–21. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar) of automaticity and creativity. To support this claim, this paper investigates the use of Spanish insertions and alternative variants in utterance-repeat pairs in Yurakaré (isolate, Bolivia) conversations. The findings are compatible with a holistic view of language where all linguistic levels are interconnected (Beckner, Clay, Richard Blythe, Joan Bybee, Morten H. Christiansen, William Croft, Nick C. Ellis, John Holland, Jinyun Ke, Diane Larsen-Freeman, Tom Schoenemann. 2009. Language is a complex adaptive system: Position paper. Language learning 59(suppl. 1). 1–26.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar).
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Accommodation and transmission
    • 2.1Causal frames of language
    • 2.2Persistence and accommodation
    • 2.3Linguistic transmission
  • 3.Repeating responses
    • 3.1Cognitive motivations: Priming
    • 3.2Social motivations: Prosocial effects
    • 3.3Pragmatic motivations: Lexical cohesion and alignment
    • 3.4Repeats and biased transmission
  • 4.Data and method
  • 5.Repeating responses in Yurakaré conversations
    • 5.1Accommodating by repeating Spanish insertions
    • 5.2Resisting accommodation: Dropping
    • 5.3Resisting accommodation: Replacement
    • 5.4Limitations of the affordance
  • 6.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgments
  • Notes
  • Conversational transcript
  • Abbreviations
  • References
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