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Article published In: Studies in Language
Vol. 43:1 (2019) ► pp.120–194

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Two types of morphologically expressed non-verbal predication

ORCiD logo with link | Scuola Normale Superiore
 | James Cook University
 | CNRS
Published online: 12 June 2019
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https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.17013.ber
Abstract
The morphological expression of non-verbal predication is a geographically widespread, although not very frequent, typological feature. This paper highlights the existence of two radically contrasting types of non-verbal predicative inflection. Construction A has already been described in the literature. It consists of attaching person-sensitive inflection markers to non-verbal predicates, possibly extending this treatment to adverbs and adverbial phrases (locational and temporal), pronouns and quantifiers. This type is well attested in Uralic, Turkic, and Paleosiberian, as well as in some Amazonian language families (most notably Chicham), but it has also been pointed out for some sparse languages of Oceania and Africa. Such non-verbal person inflections diachronically stem from incorporation of conjugated copula elements. Construction B, by contrast, is much rarer and is described here for the first time. It also consists of a dedicated morphological form of the non-verbal predicate (limited, however, to nouns and adjectives), but such form stands out as morphologically lighter than any other form to be found in nouns or adjectives in argument or attribute position. While the latter forms carry some kind of case marker, the noun/adjective predicate merely consists (or historically did) of the word’s root. This type of construction can be found in the small Zamucoan family and still survives in some Tupí-Guaraní languages. Diachronic inspection of Semitic indicates, however, that this predicative strategy was possibly adopted in some ancient varieties, although at later stages it intertwined with the expression of referential specificity. The paper compares the two construction types, highlighting similarities and differences.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
    • 1.1Setting the scene
    • 1.2Semantic classification of non-verbal predication
    • 1.3Structure of this paper
  • 2.Construction A
    • 2.1Prototypical construction A in Mordvin (Finno-Volgaic)
    • 2.2Prototypical construction A in Turkic
    • 2.3Construction A in Paleosiberian
    • 2.4Construction A in Amazonia and beyond
    • 2.5Non-prototypical construction A in Samoyedic and Arawak
  • 3.Construction B in Zamucoan
    • 3.1A threefold morphological distinction
    • 3.2Proper-inclusion predication in Zamucoan
    • 3.3Copula construction; identity and existential predication
    • 3.4Morphological and diachronic addenda, with a note on the indeterminate form
  • 4.Construction B in Tupí-Guaraní
    • 4.1Proper-inclusion predication in Tupí-Guaraní
    • 4.2Existential and possessive predication in Tupí-Guaraní
    • 4.3Identity predication in Tupí-Guaraní
    • 4.4Diachronic and areal addenda on the Tupí-Guaraní argument case
    • 4.5Interim summary
  • 5.Construction B in Semitic
    • 5.1Evidence of construction B in Akkadian and Aramaic
    • 5.2The decline of construction B in Semitic
    • 5.3Relics of construction B in modern Arabic and Maltese
    • 5.4Synopsis
  • 6.‘Deviant’ cases
    • 6.1Construction B in Saami (Finno-Saamic) and Nganasan (Samoyedic)
    • 6.2Construction A in Semitic
  • 7.General discussion
    • 7.1Two types of non-verbal predicative inflection
    • 7.2The role of omnipredicativity
    • 7.3Identity predication and predicative adjectives
    • 7.4Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
References (132)
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2025. 50715 Verbless clauses and copula clauses in Arawak languages. In Non-verbal Predication in the World’s Languages, ► pp. 505 ff. DOI logo
Ajanki, Rigina & Johanna Laakso
2025. 1556 Non-verbal predication in Uralic. In Non-verbal Predication in the World’s Languages, ► pp. 155 ff. DOI logo
Bertinetto, Pier Marco, Luca Ciucci & Denis Creissels
2025. 121533 Non-verbal predication: Results and perspectives. In Non-verbal Predication in the World’s Languages, ► pp. 1213 ff. DOI logo
Creissels, Denis, Pier Marco Bertinetto & Luca Ciucci
2025. 31 Non-verbal predication: An analytical framework. In Non-verbal Predication in the World’s Languages, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Dietrich, Wolf
2025. 54116 Non-verbal predication in Tupian, especially Tupí-Guaraní languages. In Non-verbal Predication in the World’s Languages, ► pp. 541 ff. DOI logo
Guérois, Rozenn
2025. 95526 Non-verbal predication in Cuwabo (Bantu). In Non-verbal Predication in the World’s Languages, ► pp. 955 ff. DOI logo
Haspelmath, Martin
2025. Nonverbal Clause Constructions. Language and Linguistics Compass 19:2 DOI logo
Mauri, Caterina & Andrea Sansò
2025. 572 A diachronic view on non-verbal predication. In Non-verbal Predication in the World’s Languages, ► pp. 57 ff. DOI logo
Peregrina Llanes, Manuel, Corina Angélica de Santiago Salazar & Eder Simeí Gozález Nieto
2025. Trabajo de campo, una experiencia en el noroeste de México. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas 25 ► pp. e025001 ff. DOI logo
Tosco, Mauro
2025. 86524 Non-verbal predication in Cushitic. In Non-verbal Predication in the World’s Languages, ► pp. 865 ff. DOI logo
Vidal, Alejandra & Verónica Nercesian
2025. 69720 Non-verbal predication in Guaycuruan and Mataguayan. In Non-verbal Predication in the World’s Languages, ► pp. 697 ff. DOI logo
Zeitoun, Elizabeth
2025. 106729 Non-verbal predication in Formosan languages. In Non-verbal Predication in the World’s Languages, ► pp. 1067 ff. DOI logo
Bertinetto, Pier Marco
2021. Zamucoan Person Marking as a Perturbed System*. Studia Linguistica 75:2 ► pp. 265 ff. DOI logo
Farina, Margherita
2021. La tradition grammaticale syriaque comme « extension » de la grammaire grecque. Les parties du discours et le participe. Histoire Épistémologie Langage :43-1 ► pp. 41 ff. DOI logo
Ciucci, Luca
2020. Matter borrowing, pattern borrowing and typological rarities in the Gran Chaco of South America. Morphology 30:4 ► pp. 283 ff. DOI logo
Ciucci, Luca
2021. Zamucoan ethnonymy in the 18th century and the etymology of Ayoreo. Journal de la société des américanistes 107:2 ► pp. 77 ff. DOI logo
Ciucci, Luca
2021. How Historical Data Complement Fieldwork: New Diachronic Perspectives on Zamucoan Verb Inflection*. Studia Linguistica 75:2 ► pp. 289 ff. DOI logo
Ciucci, Luca
2021. How to restructure a grammatical category: the innovative person system of Chamacoco (Zamucoan, northern Paraguay). Folia Linguistica 55:s42-s1 ► pp. 111 ff. DOI logo
Ciucci, Luca
2025. 74321 Non-verbal predication in Old Zamuco. In Non-verbal Predication in the World’s Languages, ► pp. 743 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 2 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

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