In:Sociolinguistic Variation and Language Acquisition across the Lifespan
Edited by Anna Ghimenton, Aurélie Nardy and Jean-Pierre Chevrot
[Studies in Language Variation 26] 2021
► pp. 129–160
Chapter 6Children’s sociolinguistic preferences
The acquisition of language attitudes within the Austrian dialect-standard continuum
Published online: 16 August 2021
https://doi.org/10.1075/silv.26.06kai
https://doi.org/10.1075/silv.26.06kai
Abstract
The Bavarian-speaking part of Austria is often
referred to as an instantiation of a dialect-standard continuum with
a range of speech forms between (Austrian) Standard German and the
respective base dialects. The socio-indexical meaning (i.e. the
speaker characteristics associated with certain varieties) of
different speech forms has been the object of several studies with
adults in Austria. Our aim was to gain an understanding of the
acquisition process regarding these socio-indexical values of
L1-varieties. In order to do so, we studied the sociolinguistic
preferences of Austrian children aged between 3 and 10 years, using
adapted ‘matched-guise’ experiments in which the child had to choose
between two doctors speaking different varieties (dialect, standard
German). Whereas the younger children do not show consistent
preferences, children from grade 2 (age 7/8) onwards prefer the
standard-speaking doctor.
Keywords: variation, children, Austria, German, dialect, Bavarian, preferences, language attitudes, matched-guise, acquisition
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Sociolinguistic background: German in Austria
- 2.1Varieties of German in Austria
- 2.2Patterns of use
- 2.3The socio-indexical meaning of Austrian German varieties
- 3.Acquisition of attitudes towards varieties of an L1 – results from international studies
- 4.Austrian children’s attitudinal preferences in a ‘matched-guise’
task
- 4.1Participants
- 4.2Materials and procedure
- 4.3Results: Overall attitudinal preferences
- 4.4Predictors of attitudinal preferences
- 4.4.1Age
- 4.4.2Socio-economic status (SES)
- 4.4.3Parental language input
- 4.4.4Participants’ gender
- 5.Summary and discussion
Notes References Appendix
References (66)
Albarracín, Dolores, Mark P. Zanna, Blair T. Johnson, and G. Tarkan Kumkale. 2005. “Attitudes.
Introduction and
Scope.” In The
Handbook of Attitudes, ed.
by Dolores Albarracín, Blair T. Johnson, and Mark T. Zanna, 3–19. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Ammon, Ulrich. 2003. “Dialektschwund,
Dialekt-Standard-Kontinuum, Diglossie: Drei Typen des
Verhältnisses Dialekt – Standardvarietät im deutschen
Sprachgebiet“. In „Standardfragen“.
Soziolinguistische Perspektiven auf Sprachgeschichte,
Sprachkontakt und Sprachvariation, ed.
by Jannis K. Androutsopoulos, and Evelyn Ziegler, 163–171. Frankfurt a.M. et al.: Peter Lang.
Auer, Peter. 2005. “Europe’s
sociolinguistic unity, or: A typology of European
dialect/standard
constellations”. In Perspectives
on Variation. Sociolinguistic, Historical,
Comparative, ed.
by Nicole Delbecque et al., 7–42. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter.
. 2012. “Sprachliche
Heterogenität im Deutschen. Linguistik zwischen Variation,
Varietäten und
Stil.“ Zeitschrift für
Literaturwissenschaft und
Linguistik 42 (166): 7–29.
Berruto, Gaetano. 2010. “Identifying
dimensions of linguistic variation in a language
space.” In Language
and space: theories and methods: an international hand-book
of linguistic variation, ed.
by Jürgen Erich Schmidt, and Peter Auer, 226–240. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter Mouton.
Barbour, Stephen, and Patrick Stevenson. 1998. Variation
im Deutschen. Soziolinguistische
Perspektiven. Übersetzt aus dem
Englischen von Konstanze Gebel (= de Gruyter
Studienbuch). Berlin/New York: de Gruyter.
Barbour, Stephen. 2000. “Accents,
dialects and languages. National differences in the
evaluation of language
varieties.” Sociolinguistica 14: 5–10.
Barbu, Stéphanie, Nathael Martin, and Jean-Pierre Chevrot. 2014. “The
maintenance of regional dialects: a matter of gender? Boys,
but not girls, use local varieties in relation to their
friends’ nativeness and local
identity.” Frontiers in
Psychology 5: Article
1251.
Barbu, Stéphanie, Aurélie Nardy, Jean-Pierre Chevrot, and Jacques Juhel. 2013. “Language
evaluation and use during early childhood: Adhesion to
social norms or integration of environmental
regularities?” Linguistics 51 (2): 381–411.
Bellamy, John. 2012. Language
Attitudes in England and Austria: A Sociolinguistic
Investigation into Perceptions of High and Low-Prestige
Varieties in Manchester and
Vienna. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Brouwer, Dede. 2011. Gender
Variation in Dutch: A Sociolinguistic Study of Amsterdam
Speech. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
Bundesministerium für
Bildung. 2012. Lehrplan
der Volksschule. BGBl. Nr. 134/1963
in der Fassung BGBl. II Nr. 303/2012 vom
13. September 2012. [URL]
Charlotte-Bühler-Institut. 2009. Bildungsplan-Anteil
zur sprachlichen Förderung in elementaren
Bildungseinrichtungen. Aktualisierte Version, Juni
2009. Retrieved
from: [URL]
Cheshire, Jenny. 2002. “Sex
and gender in variationist
research.” In The
Handbook of Language Variation and
Change, ed.
by Jack Chambers, Peter Trudgill, and Natalie Shilling-Estes, 423–443. Oxford: Blackwell.
Cremona, Christiana, and Elizabeth Bates. 1977. “The
development of attitudes toward dialect in Italian
children.” Journal of
Psycholinguistic
Research 6 (3): 223–232.
Day, Richard R. 1980. “The
Development of Linguistic Attitudes and
Preferences.” TESOL
Quarterly 14: 27–37.
De Cillia, Rudolf. 2016. “Sprache(n)
im Klassenzimmer. Spracheinstellungen und Varietätengebrauch
in der Schule aus Sicht der Lehrer/innen und der
Schüler/innen.“ Ergebnisse aus einem Forschungsprojekt zum
österreichischen Deutsch als Unterrichts- und
Bildungssprache. Presentation
at: Formen der Mehrsprachigkeit
in sekundären und tertiären Bildungskontexten. Verwendung,
Rolle und Wahrnehmung von Sprachen und Varietäten.
Internationale Tagung an der Universität
Innsbruck. 15.-17.09.2016. [URL]
De Vogelaer, Gunther, and Jolien Toye. 2017. “Acquiring
attitudes towards varieties of Dutch: a quantitative
perspective.” In Acquiring
sociolinguistic variation, ed.
by Gunther de Vogelaer, and Matthias Katerbow, 117–154. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Ender, Andrea, and Irmtraud Kaiser. 2009. “Zum
Stellenwert von Dialekt und Standard im österreichischen und
Schweizer Alltag – Ergebnisse einer
Umfrage.“ Zeitschrift für
germanistische
Linguistik 37(2): 266–295.
Ensminger, Margaret E., and Kate Fothergill. 2003. “A
decade of measuring SES: What it tells us and where to go
from
here.” In Socioeconomic
status, parenting, and child
development, ed.
by Marc H. Bornstein, and Robert H. Bradley, 13–27. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Garrett, Peter, Nikolas Coupland, and Angie Williams. 2003. Investigating
language attitudes: social meanings of dialect, ethnicity
and performance. Cardiff, Wales: University of Wales Press.
Giles, Howard, Chris Harrison, Clare Creber, Philip M. Smith, and Norman H. Freeman. 1983. “Developmental
and contextual aspects of children’s language
attitudes.” Language &
Communication 3 (2): 141–146.
Goldgruber, Barbara Elisabeth. 2011. Einstellungen zu Dialekt und Standardsprache in Österreich: eine empirische Untersuchung in Graz und Wien. Nicht veröffentlichte Diplomarbeit. Wien: Universität Wien.
Häcki Buhofer, Annelies, Harald Burger, Hansjakob Schneider, and Thomas Studer. 1994. „Früher
Hochspracherwerb in der Deutschen Schweiz: Der weitgehend
ungesteuerte Erwerb durch sechs- bis achtjährige
Deutschschweizer
Kinder.“ In Spracherwerb
im Spannungsfeld von Dialekt und
Hochsprache, ed.
by Annelies Häcki Buhofer, and Harald Burger, 147–198. Bern, Berlin: Peter Lang.
Hart, Betty, and Todd R. Risley. 1995. Meaningful
Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American
Children. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
Hoff, Erica. 2006. “How
social contexts support and shape language
development.” Developmental
Review 26 (1): 55–88.
Kaiser, Irmtraud. 2006. ““Warum
sagt ma des?” Code-Switching und Code-Shifting zwischen
Dialekt und Standard in Gesprächen des österreichischen
Fernsehens.“ Zeitschrift für
Dialektologie und
Linguistik 73 (3): 275–300.
. 2020. “Zwischen
Standardsprache und Dialekt: Variationsspektren und
Variationsverhalten österreichischer
Kindergartenkinder.“ In Regiolekt –
Der neue Dialekt? Akten des 6. Kongresses der
Internationalen Gesellschaft für Dialektologie des Deutschen
(IGDD), ed.
by Helen Christen, Brigitte Ganswindt, Joachim Herrgen, and Jürgen Erich Schmidt, 41–64. Stuttgart: Steiner (Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik. Beihefte).
Kaiser, Irmtraud, and Andrea Ender. 2013. “Diglossia
or dialect-standard continuum in speakers’ awareness and
usage. On the categorisation of lectal variation in
Austria.” In Cognitive
Sociolinguistics, ed.
by Martin Pütz, Monika Reif, and Justyna Robinson, 273–298. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Kaiser, Irmtraud, and Gudrun Kasberger. 2018. “Children’s
emerging ability to discriminate
L1-varieties.” First
Language. 38(5): 447–480.
. 2020. “Zum
Erwerb von Variationskompetenz im Deutschen im
österreichisch-bairischen
Kontext.“ In Dialekt
und Logopädie (Germanistische
Linguistik), ed.
by Mirja Bohnert-Kraus and Roland Kehrein, 159–198. Hildesheim/Zürich/New York: Olms (Germanistische Linguistik).
Kasberger, Gudrun / Irmtraud Kaiser. 2019. ““I
red normal” – eine Untersuchung der varietätenspezifischen
Sprachbewusstheit und -bewertung von österreichischen
Kindern.” In Dimensions
of Linguistic Space: Variation – Multilingualism –
Conceptualisations. Dimensionen des sprachlichen Raums:
Variation – Mehrsprachigkeit –
Konzeptualisierung, ed.
by Lars Bülow, Ann K. Fischer, and Kristina Herbert, 319–340. Frankfurt/Vienna: Peter Lang.
Kasberger, Gudrun, and Stephan Gaisbauer. 2020. “Spracheinstellungen
und Varietätengebrauch in der kindgerichteten
Sprache.“ In Wahrnehmungsdialektologie,
Sektionsband IGDD Marburg, ed.
by Markus Hundt, Andrea Kleene, Albrecht Plewnia, and Verena Sauer, 103–131. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
Katerbow, Matthias. 2013. Spracherwerb
und Sprachvariation: eine phonetisch-phonologische Analyse
zum regionalen Erstspracherwerb im
Moselfränkischen. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Kinzler, Katherine D., and Jasmine M. DeJesus. 2013. “Northern
= smart and Southern = nice: The development of accent
attitudes in the United
States.” The Quarterly
Journal of Experimental
Psychology 66 (6): 1146–1158.
König, Werner, Stephan Elspaß, and Robert Möller. 2015. Dtv-Atlas
Deutsche Sprache. 18th
ed. München: dtv-Verlag.
Labov, William. 1966. The
Social Stratification of English in New York
City. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.
. 1990. “The
intersection of sex and social class in the course of
linguistic change.” Language
Variation and
Change 2, 205–254.
Lambert, Wallace E., Richard Hodgson, Robert C. Gardner, and Samuel Fillenbaum. 1960. “Evaluational
Reactions to Spoken
Language.” Journal of
Abnormal and Social
Psychology 60: 44–51.
Macha, Jürgen. 2006. “Dynamik
des Varietätengefüges im
Deutschen.“ In Variation
im heutigen Deutsch: Perspektiven für den
Sprachunterricht (= Sprache –
Kommunikation – Kultur Soziolinguistische Beiträge
4), ed.
by Eva Neuland, 149–160. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Maegaard, Marie. 2005. “Language
attitudes, norm and gender. A presentation of the method and
results from a language attitude
study.” Acta Linguistica
Hafniensia 37 (1): 55–80.
Maitz, Péter. 2010. “Sprachvariation
zwischen Alltagswahrnehmung und linguistischer Bewertung.
Sprachtheoretische und wissenschaftsmethodologische
Überlegungen zur Erforschung sprachlicher
Variation.“ In Variatio
delectat, Empirische Evidenzen und theoretische Passungen
sprachlicher Variation, ed.
by Peter Gilles, Joachim Scharloth, and Evelyn Ziegler, 59–80. Frankfurt am Main.
Mannsberger, Gisela-Maria. 2015. Dialekt
und Standardsprache in sprachlich heterogenen
Volksschulkassen im Bezirk Neusiedl am See im
Nordburgenland. Unpubl.
MA-Thesis. Vienna: University of Vienna.
Moosmüller, Sylvia. 1991. Hochsprache
und Dialekt in Österreich: soziophonologische Untersuchungen
zu ihrer Abgrenzung in Wien, Graz, Salzburg und
Innsbruck. Wien: Böhlau.
Niedzielski, Nancy, and Howard Giles. 1996. “Linguistic
accommodation.” In Contact
Linguistics: An International Handbook of Contemporary
Research, ed.
by Hans Goebl, Peter Nelde, Zdeněk Stary, and Wolfgang Wölck, 332–342. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin.
Preston, Dennis. 2013. “The
influence of regard on language variation and
change.” Journal of
Pragmatics 52: 93–104.
Roberts, Julie. 1997. “Hitting
a moving target: Acquisition of sound change in progress by
Philadelphia
children.” Language Variation
and
Change 9: 249–266.
. 2013. “Child
Language
Variation”. In The
Handbook of Language Variation and
Change, Second
Ed., ed.
by J. K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill, and Natalie Schilling, 263–276. Hoboken: Wiley.
Rodgers, Elena. 2017. “Towards
a typology of discourse-based approaches to language
attitudes.” Language &
Communication 56: 82–94.
Romaine, Suzanne. 2003. “Variation
in Language and
Gender.” In The
Handbook of language and gender, ed.
by Janet Holmes, and Miriam Meyerhoff, 98–118. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Rosenthal, Marilyn S. 1974. “The
Magic Boxes: Pre-school children’s attitudes toward Black
and Standard English.” The
Florida FL
Reporter: 55–93.
Sarnoff, Irving (1970). “Social Attitudes and the Resolution of Motivational Conflict” In: Attitudes, ed. by Marie Jahoda, and Neil Warren, 279–284. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Scheutz, Hannes. 2009. “Lautliche Dialekteigenschaften und ihre geographische Verteilung” In: Drent und herent. Dialekte im salzburgisch-bayerischen Grenzgebiet, ed. by Hannes Scheutz, Peter Mauser, and Sandra Aitzetmüller, 21–56. Salzburg-Berchtesgadener Land: EuRegio.
Schmidt, Jürgen Erich, and Joachim Herrgen. 2011. Sprachdynamik.
Eine Einführung in die moderne
Regionalsprachenforschung (= Grundlagen
der Germanistik
49). Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag.
Sieber, Peter and Horst Sitta. 1994. “Zur
Rolle der Schule beim Aufbau von Einstellungen von Dialekt
und
Standardsprache.“ In Spracherwerb
im Spannungsfeld von Dialekt und
Hochsprache (= Zürcher
Germanistische Studien Bd. 38), ed.
by Harald Burger, and Annelies Häcki Buhofer, 199–214. Bern et al.: Peter Lang.
Soukup, Barbara. 2009. Dialect
Use as Interaction Strategy: A Sociolinguistic Study of
Contextualization, Speech Perception, and Language Attitudes
in
Austria. Wien: Braumüller.
. 2013. “Austrian
dialect as a metonymic device: A cognitive sociolinguistic
investigation of Speaker Design and its perceptual
implications.” Journal of
Pragmatics 52: 72–82.
Steinegger, Guido. 1998. Sprachgebrauch
und Sprachbeurteilung in Österreich und Südtirol: Ergebnisse
einer Umfrage. Frankfurt/M. et al.: Peter Lang.
Trudgill, Peter. 1972. “Sex,
covert prestige and linguistic change in the urban British
English of Norwich.“ Language
in
Society 1 (2): 179–195.
Van Compernolle, Rémi A., and Lawrence Williams. 2012. “Reconceptualizing
Sociolinguistic Competence as Mediated Action: Identity,
Meaning-Making, Agency.” The
Modern Language
Journal, 96: 235–250.
Warren-Leubecker, Amye, and Beth W. Carter. 1988. “Reading
and Growth in Metalinguistic Awareness: Relations to
Socioeconomic Status and Reading Readiness
Skills.” Child
Development 59 (3): 728–742.
Wiesinger, Peter. 1983. “Die
Einteilung der deutschen
Dialekte.“ In Dialektologie:
ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen
Dialektforschung, ed.
by Werner Besch, 807–900. Berlin: de Gruyter.
. 1992. “Zur
Interaktion von Dialekt und Standardsprache in
Österreich.“ In Dialect
and Standard Language in the English, Dutch, German and
Norwegian Language Areas, ed.
by Jan A. van Leuvensteijn, and Johannes B. Berns, 290–311. Amsterdam et al.: Elsevier.
Cited by (6)
Cited by six other publications
Blom, Elma, Leonie Cornips & Øystein A. Vangsnes
Burnette, Jessie, Andreea S. Calude & Hēmi Whaanga
2025. Words on Walls. In Variation in Language Acquisition [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 34], ► pp. 175 ff.
Kaiser, Irmtraud
2025. A holistic view on children’s acquisition of sociolinguistic competence. In Variation in Language Acquisition [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 34], ► pp. 24 ff.
Schuring, Melissa, Laura Rosseel & Eline Zenner
Fehér, Krisztina
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 2 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
