Index

doi:10.1075/sigl.7.index

In:Ditransitives in Germanic Languages: Synchronic and diachronic aspects
Edited by Eva Zehentner, Melanie Röthlisberger and Timothy Colleman
[Studies in Germanic Linguistics 7] 2023
► pp. 441–446

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Published online: 8 August 2023

https://doi.org/10.1075/sigl.7.index

A

accusative caseSee under case, morphological/inflectional

acquisition
- first-language,13–14, 404–5, 413, 429–30
- second-language,429

actualization,186

AddresseeSee under semantic role

adjectives
- ditransitive,84–85
- resultative,84–85

adverbial particles,206

Afrikaans,81

AgentSee under semantic role

Aligned-Hansard corpus,409

alignment of direct and indirect objectSee under object

allative preposition,3

alliteration,94–95, 105

alternation
- benefactive alternation,195–96, 198, 202–3, 217, 409, 430
- dative alternation,3, 5–14, 19–56, 58–59, 76, 155, 195–97, 202, 205, 209, 217, 226–95, 297, 323, 325–31, 333–64, 368–69, 397, 404–8, 412, 420–21, 430–31
- genitive alternation,231
- passive alternation,158

analogy,62, 190

analyticity,19, 55, 76

animacySee under language-internal variables

animate-before-inanimate preference,420

archaism,177–78

ARCHER-corpus,409

auxiliaries,158, 273, 330, 349–50

B

Bantu languages,410

Bayesian analysis,276, 278–79, 288

benefactionSee under semantic verb classes

benefactive alternationSee under alternation

BeneficiarySee under semantic role

bilingualism/bilingual speakers,56–57, 63–64, 74–75, 271, 321

BNC (British National Corpus),195, 197–98, 214, 218, 222, 392, 402

borrowability,57

C

case, morphological/inflectional,25, 29, 54, 62, 80, 89, 110, 119, 122, 161, 163, 166, 302–4, 308
- accusative,3, 21, 24, 30, 67, 70, 84, 87–90, 161, 265, 274, 303–6, 313
- common case,66–67, 71–72
- dative,3, 21, 30, 58–59, 66, 70, 72, 87–88, 265
- genitive,24, 87–88, 303, 305–6, 313
- loss of,10–11, 19, 21–22, 24, 26, 28–30, 35–36, 42, 47, 49–50, 61, 76, 91, 110
- nominative,24, 87, 161, 303–4, 313
- syncretism of,24, 41, 87, 91

‘caused motion’ meaning,75, 266–67, 301, 316–17, 407

‘caused possession’ meaning,266–67, 301, 304, 307, 316–17, 407

child-directed speech,409, 429

CHILDES corpus,409–10

child language,409, 420, 432, 434–35

classification models,334, 351–52

clauses
- declarative,167, 172
- imperative,171, 182, 184–85, 372
- interrogative,172
- relative,362

cluster analysis,210–11, 216

coercion,186

Cognitive Sociolinguistics,244–45

communication verbsSee under semantic verb classes

complexity,13, 38, 80–81, 100–101, 109, 301, 329–38, 344, 349, 353–58, 360
- of larger linguistic environments,325, 355, 357–60

Complexity Principle,325, 328, 330–31, 336–38, 348–49, 352, 354, 356–58, 360, 363

conditional inference trees,207, 211, 351

constituent orderSee word order

constructional change,116–17, 141

constructionalization,194

Construction Grammar,115, 157, 186

constructions
- affactive construction,173
- Alternative Double Object construction,7, 12, 36, 51–55, 79, 195–96, 198, 200, 202–3, 208, 211–12, 217, 220, 222, 292, 329, 402
- à-PP construction,65, 69–70, 72
- benefactive construction (or: benefactive-ditransitive construction),9, 85, 144, 156, 302, 307–8, 312, 315–22
- Double Object construction (DOC),2–5, 10–12, 15–16, 18, 20–28, 36–37, 40–42, 47, 49, 51–52, 54–55, 59, 61–62, 74–75, 96, 112, 115–49, 192, 195–98, 200, 202–10, 212, 214, 217–20, 222, 265–67, 292–94, 299–305, 308–10, 312–26, 330, 334–42, 344, 352–53, 357–59, 367–68, 370, 404, 406–9, 414–15, 419, 423–25, 428–30, 433
- French indirect object construction,64–65, 74
- get-constructions,401
- indirect/indirective alignment constructions,3, 155
- Indirect Object construction (IOC),11–12, 65, 74, 150–53, 158–59, 164, 176, 191–92, 222, 264–70, 273–76, 278–88, 290–91
- intransitive constructions,63, 153, 282
- light verb constructions,14, 84–85, 95, 103, 105, 202, 365, 373, 382–84, 387, 390–95, 400–401
- monotransitive constructions,150, 156, 163, 176–77, 180, 182, 191, 311, 411
- passive construction,158, 180, 190, 199, 370
- periphrastic auxiliary construction,162
- Prepositional Object construction (POC),9, 12, 15, 20, 42, 59–65, 72, 74–76, 213–14, 226–27, 229, 232, 234–36, 238–39, 241–43, 264–70, 273–91, 299–300, 302–3, 308, 310, 316, 320–22, 325, 328, 330–31, 334, 336, 340–42, 344–45, 347–49, 352–54, 357–60, 365–68, 372, 377, 395, 398, 409–10
- presentative construction,178
- reflexive constructions,150, 153, 169, 175–80, 189, 310
- secundative alignment constructions,7, 155
- verb-class-specific constructions,120

contrastive focus,81, 98–101, 103, 107

correspondence, frame-to-meaning,304, 320

co-text,387, 390, 397

cue reliability,38

D

Danish,2–3, 9–11, 116, 150–54, 156–59, 162–65, 167–68, 175–76, 178–80, 187–89, 191, 302, 307–8, 310–11, 319–21
- American heritage Danish,171
- Argentinian heritage Danish,171

dative alternationSee under alternation

dative caseSee under case, morphological/inflectional

dative verbsSee under verbs

definitenessSee under language-internal variables

directionality (of causation),8, 19–21, 36, 49

direct objectSee under object

discourse-givennessSee under language-internal variables

dispossessionSee under semantic verb classes

ditransitive verbsSee under verbs

Domain Minimization Principle,356, 358

Double Object construction (DOC)See under constructions

Dutch,2–3, 7–9, 12–14, 29, 80, 89, 96, 115–16, 119, 121, 128–29, 141, 143–44, 146, 220, 301, 325–26, 333–50, 352–56, 358–61

E

Easy First-principle,330, 334, 344, 354, 356, 360See also given-before-new principle, short-before-long principle

economy,10, 38, 40–42, 44, 48, 62, 222

EGT (Evolutionary Game Theory),8, 10, 19, 21–22, 30–35, 37, 45, 49–50, 54–55

EIC-Principle (Early Immediate Constituents),407, 428

end-weight, principle of,203, 331, 340, 352, 354, 368–69, 398, 408

English,2–31, 33–50, 56–76, 80–81, 89, 96, 106, 115–19, 121, 124–25, 128–29, 131–32, 138, 141, 143–44, 146, 152, 155–57, 159, 165, 169, 177, 192, 195–245, 264–68, 270, 291, 296–98, 301–2, 311, 316, 319–22, 325–26, 328–30, 333–47, 351–60, 365–73, 375–401, 404–32, 435, 439
- African American Vernacular English,227, 409
- American English,15, 222, 246, 292, 294, 359, 364, 370, 401, 409, 432
- Australian English,359, 370
- British English,4, 8, 12, 52, 195–225, 227, 229, 235, 239, 292, 333, 370, 409
- Canadian English,220, 227, 229, 239, 409
- Hong Kong English,229, 235–40, 245
- Indian English,8, 227, 229, 231, 235–36, 238–39, 241, 409
- Irish English,229, 231, 235–36, 238, 241, 246, 251–63, 403
- Jamaican English,17, 229, 231, 235–41, 244–45, 248
- Late Modern English,17–18, 20, 27, 55, 149, 224–25, 249, 363–64, 435
- Middle English,18–20, 22–24, 26–27, 30, 42, 50–53, 55–57, 59–79, 149
  - early Middle English,21–22, 36, 39, 41, 47, 53, 55
  - late Middle English,24, 27, 36, 39, 47
- New Zealand English,8, 220–21, 227, 229, 238, 241, 370, 409, 413
- Old English,15, 20–27, 30, 36–37, 39, 41–45, 47, 50–53, 55–56, 58–60, 66–67, 70–72, 76–77, 106, 219
- Philippine English,229, 241
- Singapore English,220, 229, 231
- World Englishes,12, 226–46

erosion, phonological,29

ExperiencerSee under semantic role

experiments, act-out,407, 422–23

explicitness, grammatical,10, 40, 48, 62, 328

extension
- constructional extension,150, 155–57
  - ad hoc constructional extension,164
- metaphorical,75

F

Faroese,13–14, 116, 176, 266, 299–324, 340, 369, 371

Finnish,148

French,24, 56–58, 60, 62–66, 68–70, 72–77, 79–80, 152
- Anglo-French,58, 63–64, 66, 69, 72–73, 75–76, 78–79
- Old French,11, 57, 70, 83, 92

frequency
- text frequency,115–16, 142–43, 145–46
- token frequency,38, 115, 125, 133–34, 138, 140–43, 145–46, 378
- type frequency,11, 115–16, 125, 138, 140–43, 145–46
- type-to-token ratio,116, 140, 142

G

genitive caseSee under case, morphological/inflectional

geographic proximity,219–20

German,2–3, 5, 7–11, 13–15, 18, 21, 78, 80–113, 158–59, 163, 166, 180, 188, 196, 264–98, 340, 369, 402, 406
- Central German,88–89
- Early New High German,81–83
- High Alemannic,88, 90
- Middle High German,81–83
- Modern Standard German,58, 80–81, 84, 87, 96, 100, 107, 300
- New High German,82–83, 86
- Old High German,81–83, 85–86, 94–95, 105, 107
- Upper German,90
- Upper Saxonian,89

Gesetz der wachsenden Glieder,99, 109See also Easy-first principle, given-before-new principle, short-before-long principle

given-before-new principle,204, 341, 368–69, 398, 434See also Easy-first principle, short-before-long principle

givennessSee discourse-givenness

giving verbsSee under semantic verb classes, verbs of transfer of possession

grammaticalization,41, 190–91

H

heavy-NP-shift,196, 199, 409, 430

I

ICE family of corpora,227–29, 231, 326, 332–33, 370

Icelandic,8, 29, 81, 116, 119, 121, 301–8, 310, 316, 319–21, 371

idioms,86, 110, 171

inclusiveness,29, 99

indexicality,150–93

indirect affectedness,119, 144, 146

indirect objectSee under object

Indirect object constructionSee under constructions

Insular Scandinavian,13, 302–3, 322

inversion,80–81, 84–86, 95–96, 100, 324

K

Kolhapur corpus,409

L

LANCHART corpus,151, 168, 171–72, 183, 187

language channel,328

language contact,11, 20, 24, 26, 29, 53, 56–58, 62–66, 74–79, 210, 219

language-internal variables
- animacy,12, 15, 23, 28, 80–81, 85, 98–100, 103, 108, 195, 197, 205–6, 211, 213–15, 219, 222, 227, 229, 231, 239–44, 246, 250–51, 253, 255, 257–62, 267–68, 270–71, 278, 280–81, 286–87, 289–93, 318, 340, 347, 352–53, 366, 379–82, 385, 395, 397, 399, 401, 404–6, 408, 410–14, 417–19, 421–34, 438
- concreteness,268, 281, 369, 380
- definiteness,12, 80–81, 99–101, 106–7, 110, 204, 227, 229–31, 239–44, 251–53, 255, 257–59, 261, 263, 267–68, 280–82, 318, 340, 345–46, 352–55, 429
- discourse-givenness,6, 12, 28, 97–98, 100–101, 104–5, 110, 227, 229–30, 235, 238–43, 250–51, 253, 255, 257–62, 267, 318, 341, 353, 408–9
- grammatical gender,88–89
- grammatical number,3, 85, 88–89, 100, 109, 138, 268, 406, 412, 419, 421–23, 425–27
- grammatical person,85, 408, 429
- heaviness,196–97, 267, 301, 310, 312, 315, 319–20
- length,11, 13, 35, 123, 196, 203–4, 213, 227, 229–30, 234, 236, 243–44, 299–300, 315–16, 318, 331, 340, 344, 354, 357, 359, 371–72, 397, 399, 404–16, 419, 421–22, 429–30, 437
- lexical complexity,14, 325–63
- newness,101, 104, 106
- pronominality,28, 195, 197, 204, 206–8, 211–15, 217–19, 221, 227, 230, 234–37, 239–41, 243–44, 250–51, 253, 255, 257–59, 261–62, 267–68, 310, 340, 342–43, 352–55, 358–59, 372, 396, 408–9, 429
- salience (distance to last mention),100–101, 103–4, 106–7, 110
- shortness,405, 409
- topicality/topic-worthiness,28, 37, 48, 204
- voice,268
- weight (phonological),28, 204, 214, 267, 340–41, 360

language variation and change,8–9, 14, 33–34, 49, 76, 196–97, 218, 311

Latin,59, 76, 83, 93–94, 105–6, 166

lengthSee under language-internal variables

level of formality,240

lexicalization,141

logistic regression model,13, 100–101, 103, 107, 197, 207, 246, 350, 417–18, 420, 434

Low German,61, 82, 89, 91–92, 114
- Middle Low German,82–83, 85–86, 91–92, 94
- New Low German,104
- Old Saxon,82

M

Mainland Scandinavian,158, 303

malefactionSee under semantic verb classes

manner-of-speakingSee under semantic verb classes

metonymy,182, 205, 373

Minimality Processing Principle,358

Minimax principle,38

modulation (as a translation strategy),388

monosemy,266, 287

Multidimensional Scaling,216, 221, 223

N

nominative caseSee under case, morphological/inflectional

Norman Conquest,63–64

NORM speakers,198, 206

Norwegian,14, 176, 179–80, 302, 310, 365–73, 375–403
- Bokmal,176

O

object
- alignment of direct and indirect object,4, 10–12, 17, 21–22, 26–28, 30, 37–38, 42, 47, 50, 61, 80–81, 83–88, 90–101, 103–10, 114, 189, 196, 219, 265, 290, 369–70, 376, 397, 409–10, 413, 415, 419, 422, 424, 430–31
  - variability of object alignment,37, 81, 85–87, 90–91, 93, 103–4, 106–10
- direct object,7, 24, 61, 67–68, 70–73, 75, 80, 117, 123–26, 129–33, 136–38, 145–46, 163, 180–81, 264, 303–6, 313, 316, 321, 329, 369–70, 372, 374–75, 382, 391–92
- indirect object,4, 8, 11–12, 20–21, 56, 58, 61–65, 69–72, 74–76, 80, 117–18, 122–24, 129, 132–33, 135–37, 150–53, 155, 158–59, 163–64, 167, 169–70, 176–77, 179–80, 191, 264–65, 278, 299–303, 305, 307, 310, 315–16, 319, 321–22, 369–70, 388, 400
  - free indirect object,11–12, 150–51, 153, 157–59, 163–69, 172, 174–75, 177, 181, 186–91
  - reflexive indirect object,169, 310
- object-before-particle ordering,430

Old Norse,219, 321

Old SaxonSee under Low German

ONZE corpus,409

P

particle,172, 206, 211, 214–15, 219, 268, 274, 288, 348

particle verbsSee under verbs

passiveSee under constructions

passivization properties,4

PatientSee under semantic role

payoffs for player/strategy pairs,33, 35, 38, 41, 43

polysemy,156, 266, 268, 287

predicate, complex,85

prefixes, allative,137

prepositional-dative constructionSee under constructions, Prepositional Object construction (POC)

Prepositional Object construction (POC)See under constructions

primingSee structural persistence

probabilistic grammars,195, 220–21, 226–28, 235, 238, 243–45, 325, 356

processing costs,327, 331–32, 348, 356–57

productivity,7, 11, 117, 142–43, 145–46, 150, 185, 332

pronominalitySee under language-internal variables

prosody,80, 268

Proto-Germanic,116

psych verbsSee under semantic verb classes

pure benefaction,119, 122, 133

R

random effects,100, 233, 239–41

random forests,197, 207–10, 213–14, 216–18, 220–21, 224, 350, 364

reaction times,331–33, 336, 339

real/apparent time difference,221

reanalysis,77, 185, 190–91

RecipientSee under semantic role

resource-limitation model,327–28, 333

rhyme pressure,96

rhyme scheme,82, 95–96, 105

rock-paper-scissors game,31–33, 55

S

salience of case marking,30, 39–40, 48–49

semantic range,11, 15, 115, 118, 120, 126, 146–47

semantic role
- (monotransitive) Patient,3, 17, 24, 63, 98, 161, 372, 411
- (spatial) Goal/Location,3, 23, 333, 429
- Addressee (or Recipient-of-information),4–5, 66, 172–73, 182, 188, 289
- Afficiary,159, 165–67, 173, 177, 179–80, 189
- Agent,2–5, 24, 65, 98, 122, 126, 133, 136, 151, 161, 173–74, 264, 270–71, 273–74, 280–82, 285, 287, 295, 366, 372–76, 379–82, 384–86, 399, 411
- Beneficiary,4, 122, 159, 161, 173, 333, 410
- Experiencer,66–70, 294
- Maleficiary,159, 173
- Possessor,7
- Recipient,2–7, 11–13, 20–21, 23–28, 36–37, 41–42, 44, 47–48, 56, 58–61, 63, 65–66, 70–73, 76, 85, 98, 117, 122, 124, 127, 134, 151–57, 159, 163–67, 170, 175–77, 179–80, 182, 184–86, 188–90, 196–98, 203–8, 210–11, 213–15, 217–19, 227, 229–31, 234–37, 239–44, 264–68, 270–71, 273–74, 278–82, 285–90, 295, 303, 326, 329–32, 334–35, 337–38, 340–47, 349–50, 352–59, 365–66, 370, 372–76, 379–82, 385, 388, 390–91, 395–401, 406–7, 409–10, 412–15, 417–19, 422–29
  - Recipient as subject,401
  - Recipient in accusative case,24, 274
- Source of possession,4–5, 305
- Stimulus,70, 76, 373, 380
- Theme,2–3, 5, 7, 13, 20–21, 26, 36–37, 42, 156, 188, 196, 203–5, 213, 217, 227, 229–31, 236, 239, 264, 273–74, 280, 282, 285–87, 295, 331–32, 334–35, 337–38, 340, 342–46, 349–50, 352–54, 356, 359, 372, 374–76, 391, 396–98, 400, 407, 409, 412, 414–15, 417–19, 422, 429

semantic verb classes
- experiencer verbs,68
- psych-verbs,11, 56, 58, 65–67, 69, 71, 74–75, 77
- verbs of attitude,115, 118, 135, 141, 146
- verbs of ballistic motion,5, 119, 121, 137, 144–45
- verbs of benefaction,115, 119, 122, 133–35, 140–41, 143–44, 146, 197, 202, 318
  - verbs of pure benefaction,119, 122, 133
- verbs of caused motion,13, 23, 75, 316, 407
- verbs of change of state/position,57
- verbs of communication/verbs of transfer of information,4, 23, 56, 58, 65–66, 70–72, 74–76, 115, 118–21, 130–32, 137, 139–40, 143, 145–46, 182, 188, 202, 232, 300–301, 309, 312, 315, 317–20, 381
- verbs of continuous causation in a deictically specified direction,126
- verbs of creation/verbs of production,4, 115, 118–19, 121–22, 132–34, 139–40, 146, 157, 166, 168–69, 175, 179–80, 186–87, 189–90, 309–10
- verbs of dispossession/verbs of deprivation/verbs of stealing,4, 7, 23, 25, 115, 119, 121, 128, 138–39, 141, 146
- verbs of future/intended/prospective possession,59, 127, 317–18
- verbs of hindrance,129, 135, 141
- verbs of malefaction,11, 115, 119, 121–22, 133–34, 139–41, 143–44, 146
- verbs of manner-of-speaking,131, 267
- verbs of obtainment,157, 163–64, 166, 168–70, 172–73, 175, 179–81, 184–87, 189–90
- verbs of permission,126
- verbs of refusal,121, 129, 423
- verbs of sending,4, 300–301, 309, 312, 315, 317–19
- verbs of transaction,110
- verbs of transfer of possession/verbs of change of possession/verbs of giving,3–4, 7, 15, 23, 25, 56–60, 62, 64–66, 69–70, 74, 81, 115, 118–21, 125–26, 136, 138–39, 141, 144, 146, 157, 159, 180–81, 291, 300, 309, 365, 376

semiotics,167, 189

semiotic shift,189–90

Sesotho,410

short-before-long principle,422See also Easy First-principle, given-before-new principle

social variables
- (level of) education,245, 283
- age,2, 4, 14, 64, 198, 243, 245, 271–72, 283, 300, 309, 311–12, 320, 327, 373, 404, 406, 411, 413, 416–21, 424–27, 429–30
- gender/sex,7, 198, 243–45, 271–72, 311–12
- speaker class,63, 74, 205, 400

Source language (SL),58, 64, 66, 69, 71, 74–75, 395

SOV orderSee under word order

specialization (semantic process),15, 51, 115–16, 119, 141, 143–44, 146–47, 159, 192

speech acts,150, 152, 168, 175, 183–84, 189–90, 194
- commissive,152, 156, 172, 174
- constitutive,190
- conventionalised indirect,184
- directive,156, 172, 185
  - reported directive,173
- indirect regulative,172
- regulative,12, 150, 152–53, 156, 160, 167–68, 174, 183, 185, 190

Spoken Dutch Corpus,333, 363

stave rhyme,83

structural persistence,7, 232, 235, 247, 273, 282, 409

subject,40, 116–17, 124, 137–38, 152–53, 159, 163–64, 172–74, 176–78, 180–81, 188–90, 194, 204, 220, 231, 265, 303, 307, 313, 365, 369–70, 373–74, 376, 388, 390, 400, 402
- non-agentive,373, 376, 379–80, 385–86

SVO orderSee under word order

Swedish,10–11, 115–18, 121–23, 125–27, 130, 132–33, 139–40, 142–46, 157, 169, 176, 302, 392, 394
- Late Modern Swedish,115, 122
- Old Swedish,122

Switchboard corpus,267, 409

symbolic function,153, 166–67, 176–77

T

Target language (TL),64–65, 365–66, 387, 395

task
- acceptability judgment/grammaticality judgment,266–67, 269–70, 280–81, 287–91
- lexical decision,327
- sentence completion,14, 267, 269–71, 278, 287–91

tense,85, 174

ThemeSee under semantic role

transfer
- abstract,84–85
- intended,156, 165, 202

transfer of possession/change of possession,4, 60, 86, 117, 119, 146, 156, 231, 289, 300, 317–18, 321, 325, 408

transitivity,63

translation strategies,387, 390, 394–95, 400

U

ungrammaticality,86, 99, 320

V

VADIS-method,209, 213, 215, 219

valence,150–52, 155, 157–58, 160–61, 163–64, 166, 170, 175, 180–81, 189–91

variation/variabilility, lectal variation,8, 147, 244–45

variation/variability
- mode-dependent variation,239–40
- regional variation,8, 195, 209, 213, 220–21, 226, 233–35, 238–39, 242, 244, 370
- register variation,246, 248

verb biases,12, 264, 266–67, 269–70, 279, 287, 408, 414, 419, 428

verbs
- (mono)transitive verbs,24, 63, 165, 306
- basic-level,365
- copula,85
- dative verbs,64, 200, 229, 233, 242–43, 279, 286
- ditransitive verbs,2, 5–6, 9, 11, 21–22, 24, 29, 36, 49, 84, 86, 101, 103, 110, 117–18, 135, 170, 182, 195, 198, 206, 264, 266, 269–70, 278, 280, 285, 287, 291, 303, 309, 311
  - prototypical,47, 313, 368
- English loan verbs from French,57, 59, 68, 72
- English native verbs,11, 57, 59, 62–63, 65–66, 68, 71–72, 75
- particle verbs,268, 287, 334, 348, 430

verb-sensitive approach,267–68, 320

W

word order,6, 17, 19, 22, 26, 28–30, 35–36, 39–40, 42, 47–50, 85, 98, 113, 153, 162, 217, 230–31, 282, 290–91, 357, 360, 409, 412, 431
- (S)OV order,55
- (S)VO order,20, 55
- clause-late position,36–37, 48–49
- extraposition,100–102, 350
- fixation of constituent order,19, 21–22, 26, 28, 35–36, 40, 47, 50
- MiddleField/Mittelfeld,80, 349
- Nachfeld,100–101
- verb position,340, 347, 350, 354
  - head-final verb phrase,347–48

World Atlas of Linguistic Structures (WALS),63, 79